Category Archives: Equine & Canine Osteopathy

May marks Veterinary Nursing Awareness Month (VNAM) in the UK, a time dedicated to recognising the invaluable contributions of veterinary nurses. Spearheaded by the British Veterinary Nursing Association (BVNA), this year’s VNAM carries the theme “Progression,” celebrating the evolution and advancement of the veterinary nursing profession over the past 60 years.

The Multifaceted Role of Veterinary Nurses

Veterinary nurses are integral to animal healthcare, performing a wide array of tasks that extend beyond what many might expect. Their responsibilities include:

• Clinical Expertise: Administering medications, monitoring anaesthesia, assisting in surgeries, and performing diagnostic tests such as X-rays and blood analyses.
• Preventative Care: Leading clinics focused on nutrition, weight management, vaccinations, and dental health, aiming to prevent illnesses before they arise.
• Client Education: Acting as a bridge between veterinarians and pet owners, veterinary nurses provide guidance on post-operative care, medication administration, and general pet wellness.
• Emotional Support: Offering compassion and understanding to pet owners during challenging times, such as dealing with a pet’s illness or end-of-life care.

Celebrating Progress and Dedication

The “Progression” theme not only highlights the expanding roles and responsibilities of veterinary nurses but also underscores the need for continued professional development and recognition. The BVNA encourages the public and veterinary professionals to participate in VNAM by nominating outstanding veterinary nurses or teams as the “diamond in your practice,” celebrating those who exemplify excellence in their field.

The Importance of Recognition

While veterinary nurses are highly skilled professionals, their work often goes unnoticed. A study revealed that although 90.5% of respondents held a positive opinion of veterinary nurses, many lacked a full understanding of their roles. VNAM serves as an opportunity to educate the public about the critical functions these professionals perform daily.(The Veterinary Nurse)

How You Can Participate

• Share Stories: Use social media to highlight the work of veterinary nurses, using hashtags like #VNAM2025 and #WhatVNsDo.
• Nominate a Nurse: Participate in the BVNA’s competition by nominating a veterinary nurse or team that has made a significant impact.
• Educate Yourself and Others: Learn more about the roles of veterinary nurses and share this knowledge within your community.

Veterinary Nursing Awareness Month is a time to acknowledge and celebrate the dedication, skill, and compassion of veterinary nurses. Their contributions are vital to the health and well-being of animals and the peace of mind of pet owners. Let’s take this opportunity to shine a light on their indispensable role in animal healthcare.

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Osteoarthritis in Horses and Dogs: Understanding the Condition and Supporting Long-Term Wellness

May is Arthritis Awareness Month, a time to shed light on one of the most common, and often misunderstood, degenerative conditions affecting animals: osteoarthritis (OA). Whether it’s an aging Labrador struggling to get up or a sport horse becoming subtly uneven under saddle, OA affects quality of life, performance, and comfort in profound ways.

What Is Osteoarthritis?

Osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative joint disease, is a chronic, progressive condition characterised by:

• Cartilage degeneration
• Bone remodeling
• Synovial inflammation
• Joint capsule fibrosis

Unlike inflammatory arthritis (e.g., immune-mediated conditions), OA is primarily mechanical and degenerative in nature, though inflammation plays a role in its progression [1,2].

Causes of Osteoarthritis in Horses and Dogs

OA typically develops due to a combination of mechanical stress and biological changes. The most common contributing factors include:

In Horses:

• Wear and tear from repetitive loading (especially in sport horses)
• Joint trauma (e.g., from poor footing, falls, or intense training)
• Conformational abnormalities
• Developmental joint diseases (e.g., OCD, physitis) [3,4]

In Dogs:

• Hip or elbow dysplasia
• Cruciate ligament injury (common precursor to stifle OA)
• Obesity (increased joint load)
• Poor conformation
• Aging and general wear [5,6]

In both species, early-life joint stress and inadequate rehabilitation after injury are key contributors [7].

Clinical Signs to Watch For

The signs of OA can be subtle at first, gradually becoming more obvious as the disease progresses:

In Horses:

• Stiffness when starting work
• Reduced performance or reluctance to work
• Changes in movement quality or asymmetry
• Behavioral changes (e.g., resistance, ear pinning under saddle)
• Swelling or thickening around joints [8,9]

In Dogs:

• Reluctance to jump, climb stairs, or get up
• Lameness or stiffness, especially after rest
• Decreased activity or play
• Changes in gait or posture
• Muscle loss (especially hind limbs) [10,11]

Because OA often progresses slowly, early signs may be dismissed as “just aging”, but early intervention can significantly improve long-term outcomes.

Veterinary Management of Osteoarthritis

Veterinary treatment aims to reduce pain, slow disease progression, and improve function. Key options include:

• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) – First-line for pain management.
• Disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) – Including PSGAGs (e.g., Adequan or Cartrophen)
• Intra-articular therapies – Such as corticosteroids, hyaluronic acid, or regenerative options like PRP and stem cell therapy.Weight management – Essential in dogs.
• Surgical options – In severe or end-stage cases (e.g., joint replacement, arthrodesis) [12–15].

Regular veterinary check-ups are essential to monitor progression and adjust the plan accordingly.

How Osteopathy and Rehab Therapies Help

Osteopathy offers a gentle, holistic approach to managing osteoarthritis by addressing compensatory patterns, biomechanical stress, and neurovascular imbalances that arise due to chronic joint dysfunction.

Osteopathic Approaches May Include:

• Myofascial release to reduce tension in surrounding tissues
• Joint mobilisation to maintain range of motion in unaffected or adjacent joints
• Visceral and craniosacral techniques where systemic strain is contributing to dysfunction
• Postural rebalancing to offload affected joints [16,17]

In dogs, osteopathic treatment may focus on pelvic alignment and lumbar strain, particularly in cases involving hip or stifle OA. In horses, attention is often placed on lumbo-sacral compensation, shoulder mechanics, and pelvic symmetry [18].

Complementary Rehab Modalities:

• Hydrotherapy – Excellent for joint unloading and muscle strengthening
• Laser therapy – Reduces inflammation and pain
• Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy (PEMF) – Stimulates cellular repair
• Therapeutic exercise – Maintains muscle mass and joint support
• Manual therapies – Including massage, trigger point work, and stretching [19–22]
• Physiotherapy – including specific rehabilitative exercises

Importantly, rehab should be individualised. What works for one animal may not be appropriate for another, especially in the presence of compensatory injuries.

A Collaborative, Multi-Modal Approach

Osteoarthritis is not curable, but it is manageable. The best outcomes are achieved with an interdisciplinary approach, integrating:

• Veterinary oversight
• Bodywork and manual therapy
• Targeted exercise and rehab
• Environmental adjustments
• Owner education and monitoring

Osteopathy fits beautifully into this collaborative model, helping to support biomechanical balance, enhance circulation, and reduce the risk of secondary dysfunctions [23].

Arthritis is not a death sentence, but it is a signal to act. Early recognition, proactive management, and integrated care can help our horses and dogs live more comfortably and remain active well into their senior years.

If you work with animals affected by OA, or have one in your care, consider how your skills and collaboration with veterinary and other animal professionals can make a meaningful difference.

Need help supporting an animal with OA?
Reach out to a qualified animal osteopath or rehab therapist trained to work alongside your veterinary team.

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References

1. Johnston SA. Osteoarthritis: Joint anatomy, physiology, and pathobiology. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1997;27(4):699–723.
2. McIlwraith CW, Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE. The role of inflammation in equine joint disease. Equine Vet J. 2012;44(2):145–152.
3. Baxter GM. Adams and Stashak’s Lameness in Horses. 6th ed. Wiley-Blackwell; 2020.
4. Ross MW, Dyson SJ. Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse. 2nd ed. Saunders; 2010.
5. Anderson KL, Zulch H, O’Neill DG. Epidemiology of canine osteoarthritis. Vet Rec. 2020;186(17):564.
6. Sanderson RO, et al. Systematic review of the management of canine osteoarthritis. Vet Rec. 2009;164(14):418–424.
7. Innes JF, et al. Pathophysiology and management of canine cruciate ligament disease. Vet J. 2010;184(3):292–297.
8. Dyson S. Osteoarthritis in the horse. Equine Vet Educ. 2011;23(11):556–567.
9. Jeffcott LB. Osteoarthritis in the equine carpus. Equine Vet J. 1991;23(1):3–8.
10. Moreau M, et al. Osteoarthritis in dogs: a review of diagnosis and treatment. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2010;23(1):1–12.
11. Mullan RJ, Main DCJ. Behavioural indicators of pain in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract. 2006;47(10):535–539.
12. Vandeweerd JM, et al. Systematic review of efficacy of nutraceuticals in the treatment of osteoarthritis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2012;26(3):448–456.
13. Caron JP. Intra-articular therapies for osteoarthritis in horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2005;21(3):559–573.
14. Dycus DL. Medical management of canine osteoarthritis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2021;51(1):123–143.
15. Mosley JR. Surgical interventions in canine osteoarthritis. Vet Rec. 2020;186(5):153–154.
16. Engel BT. Somatic dysfunction and osteopathic manipulative treatment in veterinary medicine. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2002;102(2):65–69.
17. Almond AM. Principles of veterinary osteopathy. In: Foundations of Osteopathic Medicine, 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010.
18. King JN, et al. Osteopathic approaches to equine performance. J Equine Vet Sci. 2014;34(3):355–361.
19. Levine D, Marcellin-Little DJ, Millis DL. Canine Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy. 2nd ed. Saunders; 2013.
20. Clayton HM, Hobbs SJ. The application of biomechanical principles in equine rehabilitation. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2017;33(1):17–35.
21. Alves JC, et al. Therapeutic exercise in canine osteoarthritis. Top Companion Anim Med. 2020;39:100432.
22. Draper WE, et al. Effects of cold laser therapy on pain and inflammation in horses and dogs with OA. Am J Vet Res. 2015;76(9):765–773.
23. Ricard F, Denoix J-M. Multimodal approach to equine musculoskeletal disorders. Equine Vet Educ. 2016;28(3):139–146.

In recognition of May as Arthritis Prevention Month, Dr. Mario Soriano, DVM and Director of Veterinary Studies at the London College of Animal Osteopathy, explains how incorporating Equine Osteopathy into the maintenance program of sport horses reduces joint injuries, increases recovery rates, and improves the overall well-being of horses.

Valencia, May 5, 2025 — Joint health in horses is undoubtedly one of the most critical issues in modern veterinary medicine, as well as in the sustainability and ethics of equestrian sports disciplines. Joint injuries, inflammation, and degeneration are common causes of pain, poor performance, and, in many cases, early retirement of sport horses.

In this regard, Equine Osteopathy (EO) offers a treatment approach that seeks to understand the animal’s biomechanics as a whole, not merely applying a localized solution to a specific symptom, but also considering what dysfunctions might underlie the pathological processes. Treating the horse as a functional unit through osteopathy allows us to detect joint restrictions that can compromise overall equestrian performance.

Before diving further, let’s first review what osteopathy is and how it works in horses, to better understand how it can support equine joint health.

What is Osteopathy and How Does it Work?

Osteopathy is a manual therapeutic discipline established in 1874 by Andrew Taylor Still, who proposed that structure and function are interrelated in the body, in this case, the horse’s body. EO examines and diagnoses the horse in search of movement disorders in joints, muscles, fascia, and even organs. Its primary aim is to restore balance or homeostasis within the equine body system.

From a neurophysiological perspective, osteopathy works peripherally by directly modulating the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and improving joint proprioception. Studies in humans (Degenhardt et al., 2010) and in animal models such as mice (Licciardone et al., 2012) have shown that osteopathic techniques can reduce inflammation, modulate pain perception, and improve basic vascular trophism.

By acting on neuromuscular reflexes and autonomic regulation, osteopathy in horses achieves systemic effects that directly influence movement quality and pain perception, key factors in managing joint disorders in horses.

In addition, research led by Haavik’s team in humans has shown that spinal manipulations can have a positive effect on the brain’s prefrontal cortex, improving sensory and motor integration. This supports the idea that manual interventions proposed by osteopathy not only have local effects but also influence central nervous system functions, enhancing proprioception and alleviating pain, which is essential when treating horses with joint issues.

Osteopathic manipulations, one of the classic techniques used, restore physiological joint function, improve mobility, reduce capsular stiffness, and facilitate load-bearing mechanics. This, in turn, helps to effectively counteract compensatory overload in other structures that may increase the risk of secondary injuries. This point is crucial, as horses often accumulate many biomechanical compensations over years of training.

How Does Osteopathy Help Manage Joint Conditions in Horses?

EO offers a wide array of techniques and approaches to improve equine joint function. For example, there are techniques that aim to:

• Restore physiological joint cycles and gait patterns while reducing joint inflammation.
• Rehabilitate joint proprioceptive functions to improve movement patterns and reduce compensatory strategies that may lead to injury.
• Stimulate myofascial integration to achieve a more even distribution of mechanical forces.

Over recent years, the experience of thousands of equine osteopaths worldwide has generated strong empirical, clinical, and case-based evidence for the use of osteopathic techniques in treating joint problems in horses. These outcomes have reinforced the validity of the osteopathic profession in addressing these types of equine issues, as also suggested by studies from Burns, Degenhardt, Kramer, Licciardone, and Cerritelli.

One particularly interesting study by Burns et al. (2011) using horses showed that osteopathic manipulative treatments increased flexibility and improved locomotor patterns as assessed through kinematic analysis.

Research in humans and rodents provides data that can be extended to horses. For example, Degenhardt et al. (2010) found that osteopathic manipulative treatments resulted in lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines like IL-6.

Similarly, Licciardone et al. (2012) demonstrated improved joint function and reduced inflammatory response in mice following osteopathic manipulation. In the realm of joint disorders, research by Kramer in osteopathic rheumatology has shown that combining manual therapy with other osteopathic approaches leads to significant improvements in joint mobility and reductions in inflammation in affected joints.

More recently, studies in humans, such as that by Cerritelli et al. (2020), suggest that osteopathic therapy may alter the expression of inflammation-related genes, opening new avenues for research in veterinary osteopathic medicine.

Conclusion

Equine Osteopathy opens an innovative pathway for managing and preventing joint problems in horses. As discussed, the osteopath’s holistic approach, focusing on proactive mobility, neurophysiological regulation, and proprioceptive enhancement, contributes significantly to improving equine joint health.

While much research still lies ahead, preliminary findings, along with clinical and experiential results, increasingly support the use of Equine Osteopathy as an effective and essential therapy for equine athletes.

For more information:
If you’re interested in the postgraduate programs in Equine Veterinary Osteopathy, Animal Veterinary Osteopathy, or Canine Veterinary Osteopathy offered by the London College of Animal Osteopathy, write to: info@aosteocollege.es for Spanish language programs or info@osteocollege.com for English language programs

As animal osteopaths, we pride ourselves on our ability to support the mobility, comfort, and well-being of our clients. But effective care doesn’t always mean hands-on treatment. In fact, sometimes the best decision we can make is not to treat, but instead, refer.

Whether it’s a dog presenting with acute lameness or a horse with neurological signs, recognising when osteopathic intervention is contraindicated is not only ethical, it’s critical. Here we take a look at when to say no, why, and how to navigate that decision with clinical confidence.

Understanding Contraindications in Animal Osteopathy

Just as in human healthcare, animal osteopaths must be aware of absolute and relative contraindications. These are conditions where osteopathic treatment is either dangerous or potentially harmful, particularly if pursued in lieu of appropriate veterinary care.

Absolute Contraindications

These require immediate veterinary referral and preclude osteopathic treatment:

• Fractures (diagnosed or suspected): Manual therapy over an unstable fracture can worsen the injury or delay appropriate treatment (Fossum, 2023).
• Neurological compromise (e.g., loss of deep pain sensation): Sudden neurological signs should prompt urgent veterinary assessment (Platt & Olby, 2013).
• Systemic infections (e.g., discospondylitis, Lyme disease): Manipulation in cases of active infection may exacerbate inflammation or pain (Taylor-Brown et al., 2015).
• Malignancy: Neoplasia, especially osteolytic lesions, is a red flag for manipulation due to fracture risk and tissue fragility (Withrow et al., 2013).
• Unexplained systemic illness (fever, weight loss, lethargy): These may indicate serious internal conditions not suited to conservative manual care.

Relative Contraindications

These may permit treatment under specific conditions but require prior veterinary evaluation:

• Pregnancy: While gentle techniques may be appropriate, certain manipulations are contraindicated, especially in small animals or late gestation (Barrett et al., 2019).
• Osteopenia or osteoporosis: Animals with reduced bone density (e.g., older animals, racing Greyhounds) are more vulnerable to injury from manipulation (Dunn et al., 2007).
• Coagulopathies: Animals with bleeding disorders may bruise easily or suffer internal hemorrhage from deep tissue work.
• IVDD (Intervertebral Disc Disease): While osteopathy may assist in the conservative management of mild or chronic cases, acute or severe cases require imaging and stabilisation before manual work is considered (Brisson, 2010).

Red Flags That Should Prompt Referral

Certain clinical signs should immediately prompt a pause in manual therapy and a referral to veterinary care:

• Sudden, non-weight-bearing lameness

• Incontinence or loss of anal tone

• Acute neurological signs (ataxia, head tilt, seizure)

• Rapid deterioration or progressive weakness

• Unexplained pain not reproduced mechanically

• Pain at rest or night pain (suggests non-mechanical cause)
  

These signs may indicate serious underlying pathology, such as spinal cord compression, neoplasia, or systemic illness, and fall outside the scope of osteopathic care (Jeffcott, 1980; King & Boag, 2007).

The Practitioner’s Dilemma: When Clients Insist on Treatment

It’s common to encounter well-meaning owners who believe their animal “just needs an adjustment.” But their perception may not reflect the clinical picture. Studies show that owner-assessed improvements are often influenced by bias and expectation (Osterås et al., 2022).

When faced with client pressure:

• Stay factual: Explain why treatment could be harmful or delay necessary diagnostics.
• Be transparent: Offer a written summary to present to their vet.
• Maintain trust: Communicate that your decision is in the animal’s best interest, not an unwillingness to help.

Ethical frameworks (e.g., RCVS Code of Professional Conduct; AAEP Ethical Guidelines) clearly state that practitioners must not treat outside their scope or delay veterinary diagnosis by providing inappropriate care.

The Case for Inter-Professional Collaboration

In regions where osteopathy is regulated as a complementary therapy, it is not a substitute for veterinary medicine. This means:

• Always working under veterinary referral where required.
• Proactively collaborating with veterinarians to co-manage chronic conditions.
• Referring animals for diagnostic workup when red flags arise.

Well-managed collaboration benefits the patient, builds trust with local vets, and elevates the credibility of the osteopathic profession.

A good osteopath doesn’t treat every case. They assess, decide, and refer when necessary. Recognising contraindications and red flags is a hallmark of responsible, ethical practice.

Clients may not always understand why “a quick wiggle” isn’t the right choice, but the animals in our care rely on us to know better.

Because sometimes… not treating is the most powerful treatment of all.

References

Barrett, E. et al. (2019). Veterinary Obstetrics and Genital Diseases. Wiley.

Brisson, B. A. (2010). Intervertebral disc disease in dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 40(5), 829–858.

Dunn, M. E., Colborne, G. R., et al. (2007). Osteoporosis in racing greyhounds. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 48(1), 60–66.

Fossum, T. W. (2023). Small Animal Surgery, 6th ed. Elsevier.

Jeffcott, L. B. (1980). Back problems in the horse – A survey of 443 cases. Equine Veterinary Journal, 12(4), 197–210.

King, L. G., & Boag, A. K. (2007). Advances in emergency and critical care medicine. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 37(6), 1231–1247.

Osterås, O., et al. (2022). Owner satisfaction and expectations in canine rehabilitation. Veterinary Record, 190(6), 123–130.

Platt, S. R., & Olby, N. J. (2013). BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Neurology. BSAVA.

Taylor-Brown, F. E., et al. (2015). Discospondylitis in dogs: Review of 123 cases. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 56(7), 457–463.

Withrow, S. J., et al. (2013). Withrow and MacEwen’s Small Animal Clinical Oncology, 5th ed. Saunders.

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Well, here I am again, going into my thoughts about Osteopathy and putting them down in writing. Last time in the “Musings of an Osteopath” series, I discussed my introduction to Osteopathy and a little about the industry and how it progressed.

This time I want to talk about what it’s actually like at the “coal face”. If you are reading this, you might be interested in becoming an Animal Osteopathic Practitioner, or perhaps you already are one and just seeking a bit of opinion. Either way, I can only tell you about my experiences and perhaps a little of those I know well. Spoiler alert… It’s a great job!

So, an average day in the life of an Animal Osteopathic Practitioner will depend on the individual’s client list and areas covered. Some people may work in more urban areas, and others may be in the countryside. Some practitioners may work predominantly with horses, while others prefer to work mostly with dogs or small animals.

The joy of a career in Animal Osteopathy is that it can take you in a variety of directions and is flexible enough to accommodate personal preferences. Of course, some practitioners may split their time between practice and another income stream. Many practitioners of Animal Osteopathy are also qualified trainers, saddlers, Vets, or may maintain work part-time in a completely different industry.

My Average Day as an Animal Osteopath

For me personally, I have a deep love for horses and came into Osteopathy from a previous career in riding instruction and horse training. Therefore, my career has been focused on the treatment of horses, although I do still treat a few canine patients too.

I also work for the London College of Animal Osteopathy, so I split my time between that and clinical practice. Education is another interesting area of work that may open up when one qualifies. I previously taught Human Osteopathy in University after I trained as a Human Osteopath, so the transition into work for an Animal Osteopathy college was smooth.

First thing after I’ve had some light breakfast is to check my diary for the locations I am visiting that day. Usually, the planning of bookings is such that my locations are close to one another, although that might not always be possible. Something to remember when you choose to specialise in equine treatment is that there will be a lot of driving involved.

I like to keep my radius local, and then I will charge an extra fee on top if I have to travel outside that radius. I like to check online for any traffic problems such as roadworks, closures, or accidents so I can avoid them and alert my clients if there are going to be any delays.

I have a small car as this costs less on fuel and other bills, but it does have a capacity for carrying my equipment and necessities. I think that it’s good practice to keep your equipment in a box or bag within the car; it just looks more professional and means you can remove it from the car when not working.

I don’t provide any electrotherapies or other adjuncts that require machines or heavy equipment, but I do have a set of things I like to keep with me. These are:

• Antibacterial handwash
• Towels (clean!)
• Alcohol hand steriliser
• Spare jacket and or top (depending on the season)
• Spare boots for wet or muddy locations
• Spare socks – in case I get wet
• A bottle of water for hand washing
• A bottle of water for drinking (not to be confused with the hand-washing bottle!)
• Cereal bar or snack
• Long lead rope – You would be surprised how many people don’t have safe lead ropes.
• First aid kit – for people
• Note pad – separate from case notes
• Spare pens
• And of course, your case history notes.

To be professionally compliant, it is a good idea to have a lock box in which you keep the case notes for your clients within your car. This ensures privacy and legal compliance. These can be easily purchased from stationery stores and can have alphabetical compartments in them.

Once I have made sure I have everything in my car, I will make my way to my first location. I always drive carefully onto the property and park so as not to inconvenience any other people there.

I actually find a lot of places that will offer you to park in pride of place near the stables or barn. It’s always good to remember that although you are being hired for your services and knowledge, you must remain humble and walk and talk with respect. My clients often keep an eye out for me arriving and will come out to meet me once they see my car pulling up.

Something I really love about the job is the social aspect of it, we often talk about all sorts when I first turn up and there is much to be gained professionally by being open to pleasant conversation. People really begin to trust you and enjoy your visits when you spend the time to communicate well and form rapport.

I realise that some people want to get into working with animals because they are not keen on people but remember that with every animal comes an owner or keeper so we deal with people a lot too. However, it’s important to remember that you will attract the people to you who are “your people” by simply being who you are, so you should find yourself working with people that suit your vibe.

Of course you are at that location to do a job and be professional but I still find myself time at each visit to enjoy the moment of where I am and what I’m doing. I find that maintaining this gratitude and mindfulness throughout the work day (and all the time really) is both self healing and makes you a better practitioner.

By being “in the moment” you are going to fully absorb all the information that the owner and animal provide you and perform your palpation and treatment much more efficiently.

First visit done, it’s then important to ensure that your clinical forms and records are complete and signed before leaving. I know some people will wait until later to finalise their records but I find that this risks me forgetting something important.

I also include owner/keeper signature lines in my records to show I obtained informed consent prior to assessment and treatment and this shouldn’t really be back dated so I always like to get it all completed before I leave.

Forms all safely filed and locked away in my portable lock box, I head off to the next location. Oh, don’t forget to get paid! My clients usually pay me either by cash or card at each visit so I carry a card machine that I always ensure is charged up. Some people like to set up payment plans or invoice later and that is fine too, but make sure this is agreed and recorded.

One of the really pleasant things for me about being an Animal Osteopath is the places I get to visit. I drive through some very picturesque places and enjoying this part of the job is a good way to maintain that gratitude and mindfulness I was talking about.

I remember clearly only last year going to a lovely area in Surrey (where I live and do a lot of my work) but on route to the stables I was attending the owner called me to say she was running late and could I come 30 minutes later to give her a chance to get the stable duties done.

It was my last location that day and so it would not cause problems for anyone else and of course I said yes. I had a snack and a drink in my car (as listed earlier) so I stopped at a very nice countryside car park that looked out over National Trust land. I sat there just soaking up the views and recharging my metaphorical battery. Many people will get quiet times or breaks at work but few get to enjoy the peace and tranquility that came with this vista.

I’m talking about an “average day” but there really isn’t such a thing in therapeutics as each animal is unique and their presentation will be different every time. That is one of the most enjoyable things about the work as it is never boring or mundane. If one works with different species then this again adds variation to the work just as much as combining human work if qualified to do so.

Returning home, I will re-locate the completed patient forms and records to the filing cabinet and lock them appropriately away. I will complete any administration tasks I have from the day so nothing is carried over to the next day.

I like to give myself time at the end of the day to write any notes and reflections on the visits as this forms continued professional development and allows me to plan my continued training focus and areas for improvement.

All this note taking is recorded electronically so that I can create a portfolio of evidence of my development for annual review. Sometimes I might be attending a webinar or meeting for continued training too. All practitioners must understand that completing your course to practice is never the end, learning is continuous. The true master is one who knows they will always be a student.

Is There Anything Bad About a Job as an Equine Osteopath?

Honestly I wouldn’t change anything about the career of Animal Osteopathy. One thing that people need to be aware of though is that it can be physically demanding. The manual practice of Osteopathy on people or animals requires a level of fitness and dexterity.

If one chooses to work with horses or other large animals then this can be even more intense. However, this is not a draw back, this is a positive in my book. I like the fact that my job motivates me to look after my own body. Many jobs require little to no physical activity and this leads to all kinds of health problems due to the sedentary lifestyle.

I see it all the time in my Human Osteopathy work. A physical job like Osteopathy puts you in touch with your own body and motivates you to work on your health, fitness and mobility.

This brings all sorts of other benefits to your life outside of work too. I recommend focussing on keeping your back healthy and your arms and wrists mobile and strong. I have a regular Yoga practice into which I integrate pilates and calisthenics and I find this combined with regular walking keeps me fit enough for the work.

Combining Work With Animal Osteopathy

Many people will come to train in Animal Osteopathy after working in another therapeutic discipline or from human therapy/Osteopathy. Animal work is such a great addition to human practice because it teaches you to read between the lines and pick up in non-verbal cues due to animal communication being so different.

I also find that comparative anatomy teaches me to palpate and visualise a variety of different structures which avoids me falling into the habit of assumption. It can be easy to assume a typical presentation of a certain anatomical location when working only with humans. The palpation of different animals and understanding alternative anatomy and biomechanics really engages your analytical skills and forces you to investigate deeper.

As the Animal Paraprofessional industry gets bigger and more recognised, there will be greater demand for tutors, assessors and mentors. When picking a training course, look for the high standards and experienced tutors who will develop you into a high level practitioner that could potentially step into the world of education if they wanted.

I have been working for the London College of Animal Osteopathy (LCAO) for some years now and I am excited by the developments we are making. I dedicate about 40% of my time to LCAO developing the courses, networking and working with validators and professional associations and creating new projects to further the profession. Personally, I feel that all practitioners should give back to their profession when they can as this forms a stronger industry with more recognition and reliability.

Conclusion 

So I think it’s pretty obvious that I love Animal Osteopathy and with good reason. No other career offers me the flexibility, freedom and fascination that this does. If you can take a career that makes you want to get up each day and head out to work then why wouldn’t you?

Yes, there is a lot of study and work to get the qualifications to practice and it’s not a job you can coast in because there are animals whose welfare depends on you. But everything you put into Animal Osteopathy gives you equal back. This industry is growing and now is an exciting time to become part of it. No course of training or career change should be taken lightly, but if you found what I was discussing appealing then you might just fit the role well.

An Overview of Common Canine Pathologies: Clinical Features, Treatment Approaches, and the Role of Osteopathy

Here, we explore prevalent canine pathologies, highlighting clinical signs, conventional treatment modalities, and the potential role of osteopathy in canine care. Emphasis is placed on the scope and limitations of osteopathic intervention within evidence-based veterinary frameworks.

Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease)

Definition: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive, non-inflammatory joint disease characterised by cartilage degradation, synovial membrane changes, and subchondral bone remodeling (Johnston, 1997).

Clinical Signs:

• Lameness, stiffness, particularly after rest
• Reluctance to exercise or jump
• Joint swelling or heat

Conventional Treatment:

• NSAIDs (e.g., carprofen)
• Disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs)
• Weight management
• Physical rehabilitation

Osteopathy and OA:
Canine osteopathy can aid in reducing secondary muscular tension, enhancing joint range of motion, and improving lymphatic and vascular flow. However, osteopathy is not curative and should complement, not replace, veterinary treatment.

When osteopathy may not help: In cases of advanced OA with significant joint degradation, osteopathy has limited mechanical impact and may be contraindicated if pain is severe or if neurological deficits are present.

2. Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD)

Definition: IVDD is primarily a neurological condition characterised by the degeneration and/or herniation of the intervertebral discs, leading to compression of the spinal cord and/or nerve roots. It more commonly affects chondrodystrophic breeds and is typically classified into two types (Brisson, 2010).

Hansen Type I: Acute disc extrusion due to degeneration of the nucleus pulposus, commonly seen in younger chondrodystrophic breeds (e.g., Dachshunds).

Hansen Type II: Chronic disc protrusion due to annular fibrosus degeneration, more common in older, non-chondrodystrophic breeds (e.g., German Shepherds).

The severity of clinical signs ranges from mild pain to complete paralysis, depending on the location and extent of disc material impinging on the spinal cord (Jeffery et al., 2013).

Clinical Signs:

• Neck/back pain
• Ataxia or paresis
• Loss of bladder/bowel control
• Paralysis in severe cases

Conventional Treatment:

• Corticosteroids or NSAIDs
• Crate rest
• Surgery (hemilaminectomy)
• Rehabilitation

Osteopathy and IVDD:
Osteopathy is contraindicated in acute or severe disc extrusion due to the risk of worsening compression. However, in chronic or post-surgical stages, gentle osteopathic techniques may assist recovery by addressing compensatory musculoskeletal patterns.

Osteopathy should never be used as a first-line treatment in acute disc herniation without prior diagnostic imaging and a clear veterinary referral.

3. Hip Dysplasia

Definition: A hereditary condition where the hip joint is malformed, resulting in joint laxity and osteoarthritic changes (Smith et al., 1995).

Clinical Signs:

• Bunny hopping gait
• Difficulty rising
• Hindlimb lameness
• Pain on hip extension

Conventional Treatment:

• Surgical options (e.g., total hip replacement, femoral head ostectomy)
• Physiotherapy
• Hydrotherapy
• Anti-inflammatories

Osteopathy and Hip Dysplasia:
Osteopathy may offer adjunct support in managing compensatory strain patterns and improving quality of life, especially in mild-to-moderate cases. In severe cases, structural abnormalities limit the efficacy of manual therapy.

Limitations: Osteopathy cannot correct bony malformations; it is supportive rather than corrective.

4. Cruciate Ligament Disease

Definition: Cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture is a leading cause of hindlimb lameness in dogs, akin to the ACL injury in humans (Wilke et al., 2006).

Clinical Signs:

• Sudden or chronic lameness
• Stifle joint swelling
• Positive cranial drawer sign

Conventional Treatment:

• Surgical intervention (e.g., TPLO, TTA)
• Rehabilitation therapy
• Weight management

Osteopathy and CCL Injuries:
Post-surgical or conservative management can benefit from osteopathy to support gait normalisation and reduce muscular compensation. Osteopathy should not be used in acute rupture without stabilisation.

Not suitable during acute instability: Any manual work on an unstable joint risks further damage and must be delayed until stability is achieved.

5. Spondylosis Deformans

Definition: A chronic spinal condition characterised by bony spur formation along vertebrae, often incidental but occasionally causing discomfort or reduced mobility (Morgan et al., 1989).

Clinical Signs:

• Stiffness in the spine
• Reluctance to jump
• Reduced flexibility

Conventional Treatment:

• Analgesics
• Anti-inflammatories
• Physiotherapy

Osteopathy and Spondylosis:
Osteopathy may help reduce muscular compensation and improve comfort. Care must be taken to avoid direct force over the affected vertebrae.

Caution: Overly aggressive manipulation could exacerbate bony irritation or lead to secondary complications in spinal stability.

6. Myofascial Pain Syndrome

Definition: A chronic pain condition involving hypersensitive trigger points within muscle and fascia (Sharkey, 2013).

Clinical Signs:

• Palpable taut bands or knots
• Muscle spasms
• Referred pain patterns
• Behavioral changes

Conventional Treatment:

• Trigger point therapy
• Stretching and massage
• Acupuncture
• Laser therapy
• NSAIDs
• Osteopathy and Myofascial Pain:
  Osteopathy is particularly effective here. Techniques such as myofascial release, balanced ligamentous tension, and strain-counterstrain can directly target dysfunctional muscle patterns.Osteopathy is often highly effective when integrated with other modalities and a clear diagnosis.

  Veterinary Oversight and Ethical Considerations

  While osteopathy can play a valuable role in canine care, it must operate within a veterinary led framework. Conditions involving:

  • Neurological compromise
  • Infectious disease
  • Neoplasia
  • Acute trauma

  …require immediate veterinary intervention and may contraindicate osteopathic treatment. Practitioners must work under veterinary referral and never assume a diagnostic role.

  Conclusion

  Canine osteopathy offers valuable adjunctive care for a range of musculoskeletal and myofascial conditions. However, its role must remain supportive and never substitute appropriate veterinary diagnostics or medical/surgical interventions. The key lies in integrative, collaborative care grounded in evidence and clinical reasoning.

  References

  Brisson, B. A. (2010). Intervertebral disc disease in dogs. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 40(5), 829–858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.05.001

  Johnston, S. A. (1997). Osteoarthritis. Joint anatomy, physiology, and pathobiology. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 27(4), 699–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-5616(97)50073-3

  Morgan, J. P., Bahr, A., & Franti, C. E. (1989). Spondylosis deformans in the dog: A radiographic study of the incidence and development of spondylosis deformans in the dog. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 30(3), 133–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.1989.tb00782.x

  Sharkey, M. (2013). The challenges of assessing osteoarthritis and musculoskeletal pain in dogs. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, 4, 151–160. https://doi.org/10.2147/VMRR.S40849

  Smith, G. K., Gregor, T. P., Rhodes, W. H., Biery, D. N., & Lawler, D. F. (1995). Evaluation of risk factors for degenerative joint disease associated with hip dysplasia in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 206(5), 642–647.

  Wilke, V. L., Conzemius, M. G., Besancon, M. F., Evans, R. B., Ritter, M. J., & Heiderscheit, B. C. (2006). Comparison of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and tibial tuberosity advancement for cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs. Veterinary Surgery, 35(6), 486–494. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2006.00184.x

  Jeffery, N. D., Levine, J. M., Olby, N. J., & Stein, V. M. (2013). Intervertebral disc degeneration in dogs: Consequences, diagnosis, treatment, and future directions. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 27(6), 1318–1333. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12183

Chris Bates  M.Ost, DipAO, EEBW, BHSAI

Let’s take a look at an often misunderstood condition affecting many horses worldwide, Equine Metabolic Syndrome or “EMS”. For horse owners and the professionals who care for and treat horses, understanding conditions such as EMS can enhance the horse’s welfare by ensuring that appropriate interventions are put into place.

It should be noted that Veterinary assessment and treatment/management of EMS is vital, and that other paraprofessionals should not be working independently of the attending Vet in the management of the affected horses. Always seek Veterinary advice for any of the symptoms described here.

The development of some conditions and their increased prevalence can be impacted by the modern living conditions of animals. While the conscientious owner may be eager to supply their horse with all their needs, some conditions may be exacerbated by the daily routines, feeding regime, and physical activity (or lack thereof).

It is essential to remember that the domesticated horse lives in a very different way from their wild counterparts, even when kept in more naturalistic environments with access to varied foraging (Coleby, 2013).

The development of the equine industry has led to a more “processed” lifestyle with all the hallmarks of human modern living issues, such as:

• Processed foods
• Daily routines interrupt natural rhythms
• Reduced movement and activity
• Altered socialisation
• Potentially increased stress
• Somatovisceral health impacts

While the longevity of horses and the treatments for life-threatening conditions certainly have improved, the factors affecting overall welfare and evolutionary health have been altered beyond what some equine systems can manage.

It would be naive to assume that these are the only factors in the development of metabolic conditions such as EMS, as there is a paucity of studies in relation to horse feed processing, for example, compared to farming livestock (Hill, 2007).

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What is Equine Metabolic Syndrome?

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As the name suggests, EMS is a “syndrome,” meaning it is essentially a combination of signs and symptoms that consistently occur together. This may seem vague in its explanation of what is happening in the individual and can make owners frustrated in their endeavours to manage their horses effectively. This being the case, some horses may not present all of the most obvious signs but still be affected.

EMS could be likened to Type 2 Diabetes in Humans, in that much of the symptomology is mirrored. Signs and symptoms include:

• Obesity – Both generalised or regional adiposity (Alone does not mean EMS)
• Insulin resistance – Basal Hyperinsulinemia or Insulin dysregulation
• Laminitis or a predisposition of laminitis – Without other causes such as inflammatory, infectious, or fracture.

Insulin resistance and either laminitis or a predisposition for it must be present for the EMS diagnosis (Morgan, Keen, and McGowan, 2015).

Due to the difficulty in case definition, there is a lack of epidemiological data on EMS prevalence. In the domesticated population of horses, obesity is a concern, with up to between 19% and 40% being affected (Morgan, Keen and McGowan, 2015).

Of course, obesity alone is not a definitive sign, as discussed above, but it poses a high-risk factor in the development of insulin resistance and the resulting laminitic issues. This would indicate that there is a high prevalence for at risk individuals, and that could potentially lead to higher case diagnoses if future studies are made.

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Equine Obesity and EMS

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Horses becoming overweight and obese is a rising concern, and prevalence is already high. According to Stephenson, Green, and Freeman (2011), many owners may be underestimating their horse’s body composition.

This would necessitate better public awareness and education about the health of their animals. Of course, exercise and activity levels are a crucial factor in the management of weight. There are more horses now being kept as companions and for non-athletic use (Rendle et al., 2018), meaning that this could add to the increased prevalence.

While excess body fat can cause a number of functional problems in general, there is evidence within human studies that elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor, IL1, and IL6 can play a role in the insulin resistance in obese individuals (Vick et al., 2007).

As in humans, obesity can be a direct result of inactivity (underactive lifestyle), poor diet and stress. Once a horse has reached a state of obesity, it can become uncomfortable to move effectively and impact negatively on the joints, feet and suspensory apparatus.

Excess body fat can reduce effective respiratory mechanics and lead to postural changes that create ongoing problems. It is easy to see how obesity in horses (or any animal) is a causative factor for a multitude of problems.

Owners in general only mean well in their care efforts and are often just misguided or confused. Horses living healthily have very different requirements to humans and it can sometimes be anthropomorphism that guides an owner’s decisions on care and feeding.

It is not uncommon to find owners over rugging horses because they themselves feel cold or feeding a certain treat or concentrate because they feel the horse “likes it”. The nature of horses’ ability to regulate their temperature is often underestimated as is the importance of understanding their nutritional needs.

The activity levels of a horse will depend upon the amount of owner-led exercise they receive (riding, driving, groundwork) and their access to grazing land. Horses that are stabled for longer periods of time consequently require a higher proportion of time spent in guided exercise.

Horses will engage in natural exercise given enough space to do so and this is even more apparent in those with adequate grazing companions as social activity often involves movement. As horses have evolved to be continually moving throughout their waking hours, restricting their ability to do so will impact their wellbeing over all and substitutions need to be made where necessary to support health.

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Insulin resistance In Horses

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Insulin is an endocrine hormone secreted by the pancreas and it regulates blood glucose levels by acting on the insulin receptors on cell membranes. These insulin receptors, when bonded with insulin, allow for glucose to enter the cell to either be used for energy production or stored as glycogen for later use.

There can be a number of causes to cells becoming insulin resistant. As mentioned earlier, elevated inflammatory cytokines (cellular signalers) can lead to insulin resistance, increased fat intake can also lead to this.

Whichever pathway the body has come to be resistant to insulin, it is usually some kind of disruption to the insulin receptor or the chain of enzyme activation within the cell that the receptor stimulates.

Once the cells have become insulin resistant, the amount of insulin needed to get glucose into the cells will be higher, while the processing of blood glucose becomes less. It is at this point that systemic signs and symptoms of EMS may become apparent. These could include:

• Increased thirst
• Increased urination
• Lethargy
• Muscle atrophy
• Increased hunger
• Frequent infections
• Increased sweating
• Infertility in mares

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Laminitis and EMS

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This often debilitating condition causes severe lameness and in the most far progressed cases can lead to euthanasia. The epidemiology of laminitis is still poorly understood (Wylie et al., 2011), however, it is clear that there are multiple factors that can lead to the condition including: endocrine, metabolic, traumatic and genetic.

The clinical signs and symptoms include:

• Stiff or shortened stride
• Reluctance to walk on hard surfaces
• Increased digital pulse
• Weight shifting
• Warm or hot hooves

And in the more severe cases:

• Hoof wall changes
• Gapping of the hoof wall to the sole (white line)
• Laying down more often
• Hoof bruising visible
• Laminitic stance – Leaning back onto hind quarters in an effort to alleviate pressure on the forefeet

The laminae are protrusions of tissue that connect the hoof wall to the pedal bone and surrounding cartilages. They are an interwoven mix of the sensitive dermal fibers and the non-sensitive epidermal fibers. These fibers do have a shock absorbing function but when damaged will lose this ability. Traumatic laminitis can occur from impact damage or poor foot dynamics.

In EMS, the enzymes responsible for laminae remodelling are found in higher concentrations. These metalloproteinase enzymes (MMP-2 and MMP-9) are responsible for the normal remodelling of the laminae tissue to allow for growth of the hoof wall.

In higher concentrations, they lead to over active breakdown of the lamellar basal cells attachment to the basal membrane connective tissue of the distal phalanx (pedal bone) (Pollitt, 2004).

The breakdown of the connections between the hoof wall and the pedal bone then obviously allow for the bone to move and rotate within the hoof capsule. With the tensegrity structure of the laminae compromised, functions such as support, shock absorption and hoof wall development are all affected while pain receptors are stimulated.

Evidence seems to suggest that excess adiposity (obesity) leads to an increase in inflammatory cytokines (Ferrante, 2007). Obesity is linked to the increased number and activation of macrophages in adipose tissue further increasing the inflammatory cascades.

Adipose tissue expression of genes that encode for a number of inflammatory cytokines includes the metalloproteinases mentioned earlier. From a structural perspective, it is also worth mentioning that increased weight of the body will then further impact the weakened structures of the distal limb including the laminae that are damaged.

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Feeding and its EMS Connection

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When we prepare food for ourselves, it can be part of the process to consider what we enjoy eating and what tastes good. Unfortunately, as we see from the rising figures of obesity, diabetes and heart disease, it is not actually always doing us much good from a health perspective.

There are of course many evolutionary reasons why humans so easily fall into the habit of craving certain foods and choosing foods that provide energy storage; however, horses as grazing animals have very different dietary needs and evolutionary development.

Horses certainly can enjoy particular types of food but it is the human providing them that decides the quantity of food they receive. In the wild, a herd may come across a particular forage that is very palatable and easy to access but once the herd (important to remember multiple animals) has eaten it, they will move on and balance of intake is achieved (Frape, 2010).

When we feed in domesticated horse care, we must remember this variation of supply they would naturally be faced with. This should remind us to vary the concentrates and type of forage depending on their current health, weight, the time of year and their exercise demands.

Ratios of protein, carbohydrates, fibre and fats should be monitored depending on the above variables (Harris and Jansson, 2024). If owners fall into the habit of keeping a feed regime the same without adjusting for the variables, obesity can be one of the results.

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Exercise and activity

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Horses are movement machines and evolved to roam across large open spaces while grazing along the way. Their access to large open space will depend on where they are kept and what the quality of the land is like.

Some more competitive horses may be stabled more often as may some horses with health conditions and injuries that limit their movement capacity (Marlin and Nankervis, 2006). The most important principle to remember when caring for an EMS horse or trying to prevent it occurring, is that movement is medicine.

To ensure that the energy demand is sufficient so that excess fat storage does not occur is just one goal of equine exercise. Movement does not have to be excessive either. Much of the time wild equines spend “exercising” is simply walking from one region of grazing to another.

This longer sustained form of lower intensity exercise is often key in the management of excess weight gain. This lower intensity/longer duration exercise can be achieved with hacking out at walk and trot, longer schooling sessions focussing on the walk figures and even hand walking for horses who may not have sufficient health status or age to be riding.

Higher intensity exercise is usually reserved for horses that are sports competitors, working horses or have a special health requirement such as losing excess weight already gained. These should be planned and logged even informally to allow for the owner/rider/trainer to monitor progress and assess fitness levels.

While higher intensity exercise is very effective at weight management, it does increase the risk of injury, overuse strains, loss of vital electrolytes via sweating and can even lead to serious conditions like rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown).

The plan for increased intensity should consider the horses other health conditions, age and training level. It is essential for all exercise changes to be graduated and progressive so as to allow for physiological changes to occur and support the healthy functioning of the body.

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Diagnosis and Treatment of Equine Metabolic Syndrome

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I have touched on many of the symptoms of EMS above. Here is a compiled list of symptoms that indicate you should consider consulting with your equine veterinarian to evaluate if your horse has EMS

• Obesity, which can include a crusty neck, abnormal fat deposits and bulges
• Increased urination
• Increased thirst
• Lack of energy
• Low grade, sometimes unnoticed laminitis to more severe cases
• Struggling with weight loss
• Mare infertility

While owners can suspect their horse has EMS, diagnosis can only be made by a veterinarian. One of the main ways this is done is by blood tests taken at specific times, such as first thing in the morning before feeding to check insulin levels before it is affected by food.

According to the UC Davis Veterinary Medicine Center For Equine Health, “If the insulin concentration is above a certain level (>50 µU/mL), the horse is diagnosed with insulin dysregulation.” Other tests may also be carried out to further determine the horse’s status.

Treatments include changes to diet, such as low non-structural carbohydrate consumption, restricted grazing, and increased exercise (if the horse is capable), feed and hay analysis (UC Davis)

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Conclusion

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EMS is a condition that has the potential to grow if owner education is poor and incorrect feeding and exercise/movement regimes are used. In our future posts, I will discuss equine nutrition and fitness in more detail.

It is evident that excess body fat is a key factor in development of EMS and it is widely known that obesity is a risk factor for other health concerns too. The inflammatory effects of obesity are well documented, with inflammation being well researched in human models, it would advance equine science and care to invest more into the longer term effects of chronic inflammation in horses.

Learn more in depth detail of the pathologies that affect horses and how Osteopathy works to support better health by signing up to one of our diplomas. The London College of Animal Osteopathy provides quality education in animal health whether you are an aspiring professional, experienced practitioner or just want to improve your knowledge.

Bibliography:

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Coleby, P. (2013). Natural Horse Care : a practical guide. Sydney: Hachette Australia.

Ferrante, A.W. (2007). Obesity-induced inflammation: a metabolic dialogue in the language of inflammation. Journal of Internal Medicine, 262(4), pp.408–414. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01852.x.

Frank, N., Geor, R.J., Bailey, S.R., Durham, A.E. and Johnson, P.J. (2010). Equine Metabolic Syndrome. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 24(3), pp.467–475. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0503.x.

Frape, D. (2010). Equine nutrition and feeding. Uk: Wiley-Blackwell.

Harris, P.A. and Jansson, A. (2024). Nutrition for the Equine Athlete: Nutrient Requirements and Key Principles in Ration Design. Elsevier eBooks, [online] pp.925–953. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7020-8370-9.00041-2.

Hill, J. (2007). Impacts of nutritional technology on feeds offered to horses: A review of effects of processing on voluntary intake, digesta characteristics and feed utilisation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 138(2), pp.92–117. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.018.

Marlin, D. and Nankervis, K.J. (2006). Equine exercise physiology. Oxford: Blackwell Science.

Morgan, R., Keen, J. and McGowan, C. (2015). Equine metabolic syndrome. Veterinary Record, [online] 177(7), pp.173–179. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.103226.

Pollitt, C.C. (2004). Equine laminitis. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, [online] 3(1), pp.34–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ctep.2004.07.003.

Rendle, D., McGregor Argo, C., Bowen, M., Carslake, H., German, A., Harris, P., Knowles, E., Menzies-Gow, N. and Morgan, R. (2018). Equine obesity: current perspectives. UK-Vet Equine, [online] 2(Sup5), pp.1–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.12968/ukve.2018.2.s2.3.

Stephenson, H.M., Green, M.J. and Freeman, S.L. (2011). Prevalence of obesity in a population of horses in the UK. Veterinary Record, 168(5), pp.131–131. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.c6281.

Vick, M.M., Adams, A.A., Murphy, B.A., Sessions, D.R., Horohov, D.W., Cook, R.F., Shelton, B.J. and Fitzgerald, B.P. (2007). Relationships among inflammatory cytokines, obesity, and insulin sensitivity in the horse1,2. Journal of Animal Science, 85(5), pp.1144–1155. doi:https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-673.

Wylie, C.E., Collins, S.N., Verheyen, K.L.P. and Richard Newton, J. (2011). Frequency of equine laminitis: A systematic review with quality appraisal of published evidence. The Veterinary Journal, 189(3), pp.248–256. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.04.014.

Young, A., Equine Metabolic Syndrome, UC Davis Veterinary Medicine Center For Equine Health. https://ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/equine-metabolic-syndrome

Osteopathy, a form of manual therapy focusing on the musculoskeletal system, has been increasingly applied in veterinary medicine to aid post-veterinary treatment recovery in animals. This approach emphasises the interrelationship between structure and function, aiming to restore mobility, alleviate pain, and enhance overall physiological function.

Understanding Osteopathy in Veterinary Medicine

Animal osteopathy is an integrated manual therapy founded on osteopathic principles that consider both intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting an animal’s health. Practitioners evaluate various aspects, including the animal’s medical history, environment, and activities, to provide holistic care.

Osteopathic Techniques in Post-Veterinary Rehabilitation

In the context of post-veterinary treatment rehabilitation, osteopathic practitioners employ a variety of manual techniques tailored to the individual needs of the animal. These may include soft tissue manipulation, joint mobilisation, and myofascial release, all aimed at reducing pain, improving joint range of motion, and enhancing circulation. Such interventions can expedite recovery by addressing musculoskeletal imbalances and promoting optimal healing environments.

Integration with Conventional Rehabilitation Practices

Osteopathy complements traditional veterinary rehabilitation methods, such as physiotherapy and hydrotherapy. For instance, incorporating osteopathic techniques alongside exercises designed to improve balance and coordination can lead to more comprehensive recovery outcomes. This integrative approach ensures that all aspects of the animal’s health are addressed during the rehabilitation process.

Case Studies and Clinical Observations

Clinical evidence supporting the efficacy of osteopathy in post-veterinary treatment recovery for animals is emerging through various case studies. For instance, a case involving an equine patient demonstrated significant improvements following osteopathic intervention.

The horse had been experiencing joint and visceral restrictions, which were alleviated through targeted osteopathic treatments focusing on the stifle and hocks. After completing an eight-week rehabilitation program, assessments revealed no remaining restrictions, and the owner successfully resumed riding the horse after a year-long hiatus.

A notable canine case involves a patient that underwent osteopathic treatment as part of its rehabilitation program. The dog had experienced a musculoskeletal injury and was subjected to a tailored osteopathic regimen focusing on manual manipulations to restore structural balance and function. Over the course of the treatment, significant improvements were observed in the dog’s mobility, pain levels, and overall quality of life, suggesting that osteopathic techniques can play a vital role in enhancing recovery outcomes in canines. ​

These observations underscore the potential benefits of integrating osteopathic care into conventional veterinary rehabilitation protocols, offering a holistic approach to post-treatment recovery in canine patients.

Osteopathy offers a promising adjunct to conventional veterinary rehabilitation practices, particularly in musculoskeletal recovery following surgical and medical interventions. By integrating osteopathic techniques with established rehabilitation protocols, veterinary practitioners can provide holistic care that addresses the unique needs of each animal, potentially enhancing recovery outcomes and overall well-being.

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Resources

Animal Osteopathy Worldwide. (2024). Osteopathic treatment of animals in rehabilitation. https://animalosteopathyworldwide.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Osteopathic-Treatment-of-Animals-in-Rehabilitation-2.pdf

 

Animal Osteopathy Worldwide. (2024). Equine osteopathic case studies with Rachel Pechek & Kali Larson. https://animalosteopathyworldwide.com/equine-osteopathic-case-studies-with-rachel-pechek-kali-larson/

Animal Rehab Australia. (n.d.). Post-surgical rehabilitation | The Dog Osteopath. https://animal-rehab.com.au/services/post-surgical-rehabilitation/

The Canine Fitness Centre. (n.d.). Postoperative recovery for dogs. https://www.thecaninefitnesscentre.co.uk/post-surgery-recovery-for-dogs/

Vet Times. (n.d.). Postoperative pain management in companion animals: An update. https://www.vettimes.co.uk/app/uploads/wp-post-to-pdf-enhanced-cache/1/postoperative-pain-management-in-companion-animals-an-update.pdf

The Veterinary Nurse. (n.d.). Small animal post-operative orthopaedic rehabilitation. https://www.theveterinarynurse.com/content/clinical/small-animal-post-operative-orthopaedic-rehabilitation

Fascia: The Overlooked Key to Animal Mobility and Health

What is Fascia?

Fascia is a continuous, connective tissue network that surrounds, supports, and integrates every structure in the body, including muscles, bones, nerves, and organs. Once considered an inert wrapping, research now recognises fascia as a dynamic system essential for movement, proprioception, and overall health.

In animals, fascia plays a crucial role in biomechanical function, influencing movement efficiency, force transmission, and structural integrity. It is primarily composed of collagen and elastin fibers, providing both strength and flexibility. Additionally, fascia contains myofibroblasts, specialised cells that allow it to contract, influencing muscle tension and joint stability (Stecco et al., 2018).

The Role of Fascia in Animal Movement

Fascia is not just a passive structure – it actively contributes to motion by:

• Force Transmission: Fascia distributes mechanical forces across the body, reducing localised stress on muscles and joints. This function is especially important in high-performance animals like racehorses and agility dogs (Schleip et al., 2012).
• Elastic Energy Storage: Fascia acts like a spring by storing and releasing kinetic energy, which enhances movement efficiency (Wilke et al., 2018).
• Proprioception: Fascia is richly innervated with sensory receptors, providing essential feedback for body awareness and coordination (Stecco et al., 2011).

In quadrupeds, fascial integrity is essential for maintaining balance, posture, and gait. Dysfunction can lead to stiffness, asymmetry, and reduced performance.

Fascial Dysfunction and Its Effects

When fascia becomes restricted due to injury, overuse, or compensatory movement patterns, it can lead to:

• Reduced Range of Motion: Tightened fascia limits muscle function and joint mobility.
• Pain and Sensitivity: Fascial adhesions can compress nerves, causing discomfort (Bordoni & Myers, 2020).
• Compensatory Strain Patterns: Dysfunction in one area can lead to secondary issues elsewhere in the body.

Veterinary research highlights that myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) – localised areas of tightness in the fascia – are common in horses and dogs with chronic pain or musculoskeletal dysfunction (Shah & Gilliams, 2008). Addressing these restrictions through manual therapy can help restore function.

How Osteopathy Supports Fascial Health

Animal osteopaths may use manual techniques to restore fascial mobility and function, including:

• Myofascial Release (MFR): A gentle technique applying sustained pressure to reduce adhesions and improve fascial glide. Studies in human and veterinary medicine show MFR can enhance flexibility and reduce pain (Langevin et al., 2009).
• Craniosacral Therapy: A subtle approach targeting the fascia around the skull and spine to improve nervous system function. This technique is increasingly used in equine rehabilitation (MSD Veterinary Manual).
• Visceral Manipulation: Addressing fascial restrictions around internal organs, which can impact posture and movement.

By targeting fascial restrictions, osteopathy helps improve movement efficiency, reduce pain, and enhance overall well-being.

Fascia is a vital yet often overlooked component of animal health and mobility. Understanding its role allows practitioners to refine their therapeutic approaches, ensuring optimal movement and function. As research into fascia evolves, so too will its applications in osteopathic and rehabilitative care for animals.

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Resources:

1. Stecco, C., Schleip, R., Yucesoy, C. A., & Gabbiani, G. (2018). The role of fascia in musculoskeletal conditions. Current Pain and Headache Reports, 22(12), 1-10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29499229/

2. Schleip, R., Jäger, H., & Klingler, W. (2012). What is ‘fascia’? A review of different nomenclatures and terminology. Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, 16(4), 496–502. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360859212000413

3. Wilke, J., Krause, F., Vogt, L., & Banzer, W. (2018). What is evidence-based about myofascial chains? A systematic review. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 99(6), 1238-1250. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30124301/

4. Stecco, C., Macchi, V., Porzionato, A., Duparc, F., & De Caro, R. (2011). The fascia: the forgotten structure. Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology, 116(3), 127-138. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21996516/

5. Bordoni, B., & Myers, T. (2020). Fascial nomenclature: Update on related disorders. Cureus, 12(4), e7613. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32292261/

6. Shah, J. P., & Gilliams, E. A. (2008). Uncovering the biochemical milieu of myofascial trigger points using in vivo microdialysis: An application of muscle pain concepts to myofascial pain syndrome. Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, 12(4), 371-384. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18722360/

7. Langevin, H. M., Fox, J. R., Koptiuch, C., Badger, G. J., Greenan-Naumann, A. C., Bouffard, N. A., … & Henry, S. M. (2009). Reduced thoracolumbar fascia shear strain in human chronic low back pain. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 10, 151. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19060330/

8. MSD Veterinary Manual. (n.d.). Manual therapy in veterinary patients. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/integrative-complementary-and-alternative-veterinary-medicine/manual-therapy-in-veterinary-patients

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