Signs of Laminitis: Identifying the Presence of the Condition

By Siun Griffin, Equine Physiotherapist and LCAO Community Manager

Laminitis is a painful condition that affects the hooves of horses and requires prompt recognition and intervention to minimize its impact. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of laminitis is crucial for early detection and appropriate management.

The following information outlines common signs indicative of laminitis in horses.

1. Lameness and Reluctance to Move

 

Photo credit: Laminitis Discovery Database, PennVet, University of Pennsylvania

Laminitis often presents as lameness, with affected horses showing a reluctance to move or walk.

The lameness may initially be mild but can progress rapidly, leading to severe pain and an unwillingness to bear weight on the affected hooves.

Horses with laminitis may adopt a characteristic “rocking horse” stance, shifting their weight frequently between the front and hind limbs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. Heat and Increased Digital Pulse

Heat in the hooves and an increased digital pulse are common indicators of laminitis. By gently feeling the affected hooves, a veterinarian or experienced horse owner may detect an abnormally warm temperature.

Additionally, an elevated digital pulse can be felt in the digital arteries located at the back of the fetlock. This increased pulse indicates inflammation and increased blood flow to the hoof.

Photo from: Southwest Equine Veterinary Group

 

 

3. Shifting Weight and Lameness Response

Horses with laminitis may shift their weight frequently from one limb to another in an attempt to alleviate pain. This weight-shifting behavior is often observed when the horse is at rest, and it may be more pronounced when standing on hard surfaces or when turning in tight circles. Affected horses may also exhibit a strong lameness response when their hooves are tapped or pressured.

Photo from: Nebraska Equine Veterinary Clinic

 

 

4. Hoof Pain and Sensitivity

Hoof pain and sensitivity are key signs of laminitis. Affected horses may exhibit a strong reaction when pressure is applied to the affected hooves, such as during hoof testing or when walking on hard or uneven surfaces. The pain is often more pronounced in the toe region of the hoof, and horses may show signs of discomfort during hoof trimming or shoeing procedures.

5. Altered Hoof Appearance

Changes in hoof appearance can also indicate the presence of laminitis. In acute cases, visible swelling and an increased digital pulse may be evident.

As the condition progresses, the hoof wall may separate from the underlying structures, leading to a “seedy toe” appearance. Rotation or sinking of the coffin bone within the hoof capsule can result in a characteristic change in the hoof’s shape and angle.

It is important to note that the severity and presentation of laminitis can vary among individual horses, and some signs may be more subtle or less apparent in certain cases.

Therefore, any suspicion of laminitis should be promptly addressed by a veterinarian for a thorough examination and appropriate diagnostic measures.

 

Photo credit: Laminitis Discovery Database, PennVet, University of Pennsylvania.

 

 

Conclusion

Early recognition of the signs of laminitis is crucial for effective management and minimizing the potential long-term consequences for affected horses.

Lameness, heat in the hooves, increased digital pulse, weight shifting, hoof pain, sensitivity, and altered hoof appearance are common indicators of the condition. Prompt veterinary attention and tailored treatment protocols are essential for optimizing the outcome and welfare of horses affected by laminitis.

Reference: For detailed information about the images here and more images visit PennVet Laminitis Laboratory Gallery.

Click here to find out how you can become an equine osteopath.

Laminitis in Horses: Understanding the Condition and its Relationship with Grass

By Siun Griffin, Equine Physiotherapist and LCAO Community Manager 

Spring has sprung and so has the increased risk of laminitis in horses. While laminitis can occur at any time, spring grass in particular commonly triggers this horrible condition.

Laminitis is a debilitating condition that affects the hooves of horses, causing severe pain and lameness. It is a complex and multifactorial disease that can have devastating consequences if not properly managed.

Here we hope to provide a detailed overview of laminitis, what it is, the pathological changes occurring in the hoof, and the relationship between grass consumption and laminitis development.

 

Laminitis: A Brief Overview

Laminitis, also known as founder, is an inflammatory condition affecting the laminae of the horse’s hoof. The laminae are delicate structures that connect the hoof wall to the underlying structures, such as the coffin bone.

In laminitis, inflammation disrupts the normal blood flow to the laminae, leading to the separation and weakening of the bond between the hoof wall and the coffin bone. This, in turn, causes severe pain, lameness, and potential rotation or sinking of the coffin bone within the hoof capsule.

 

Pathological Changes in the Hoof During Laminitis

During the development of laminitis, there are several pathological changes that occur within the hoof. Firstly, the inflammatory process triggers the release of various enzymes, which break down the structural proteins holding the laminae together. This enzymatic activity weakens the laminae and disrupts its connection to the coffin bone.

Additionally, inflammation causes increased blood flow to the hoof, resulting in excessive fluid accumulation within the laminae and the hoof capsule. This leads to swelling and compression of sensitive structures, intensifying the pain experienced by the horse.

 

Grass and Laminitis Triggers

Grass consumption has been identified as a significant trigger for laminitis in horses, especially in those prone to the condition.

The high sugar and carbohydrate content in certain types of grasses, particularly during periods of rapid growth, can lead to an overload of sugars in the horse’s digestive system. This, in turn, can disrupt the delicate microbial balance within the gut, leading to the production of endotoxins that trigger laminitis.

 

The Grass Cycle and Impact on Laminitis

Understanding the grass cycle and its impact on laminitis is crucial for managing horses at risk. Grass undergoes diurnal changes in sugar content, with the highest levels usually occurring in the early morning and late afternoon. The lowest sugar levels are typically found during the middle of the day and overnight.

For laminitis-prone horses, it is recommended to limit grazing during peak sugar periods, such as early morning and late afternoon. Instead, providing controlled access to pasture during periods of lower sugar content, such as midday and overnight, can help minimize the risk of laminitis development.

 

Conclusion

Laminitis is a serious condition that can cause significant pain and lameness in horses. Understanding the pathological changes that occur in the hoof during laminitis is crucial for effective management.

Grass consumption, particularly during periods of high sugar content, has been identified as a common trigger for laminitis. By considering the grass cycle and providing controlled access to pasture, horse owners and caretakers can take proactive measures to reduce the risk of laminitis in susceptible horses.

It is important to consult with a veterinarian for a comprehensive evaluation and tailored management plan for individual horses at risk of laminitis. By combining veterinary guidance with appropriate management strategies, the welfare of horses can be safeguarded, reducing the occurrence and impact of this debilitating condition.

For more information on identifying laminitis check out Signs of Laminitis 

Note: It is always recommended to consult a qualified veterinarian for specific advice and guidance regarding laminitis and individual horse care.

For more information on the International Diploma in Equine Osteopathy (Int’l DipEO) program offered at London College of Animal Osteopathy (LCAO), click here

Pole Work For Equine Rehab: Part 1

Pole Work For Equine Rehab: Part 1

By Siun Griffin, Equine Physiotherapist and LCAO Community Manager

For horses that need rehab, strengthening of the thoracic slightly, and proprioception improvement, pole work is one of the best exercises you can combine with treatment from an equine osteopath.

Pole work can help strengthen the muscles, and improve posture. The ideal way to start this is when working the horse in hand, preferably by long reining them. Long reining helps ensure the horse stays at a nice rhythmic walking pace and helps with straightness.

After several weeks of this and when your horse is ready, you can proceed to ridden pole work. How long you do this will depend on your horse’s condition and progress.

Here are the main benefits of pole work:

1. Muscle strengthening

Pole work exercises help to build strength in the horse’s hindquarters, particularly the gluteal, quadriceps, and hamstring muscles. The forelimbs also benefit from the exercises as the shoulder and triceps muscles are activated to lift the legs higher over the poles.

And of course, the thoracic sling is engaged, improving topline and abdominal muscles.

2. Improves posture

Pole work exercises encourage a horse to engage its core muscles, by lowering its neck and lifting its back. This helps to improve their posture. This, in turn, helps to prevent injuries and improve the horse’s overall movement.

This combined with improved muscle strength will help the horse carry a rider better and reduce compensations occurring.

3. Proprioception

Proprioception is the horse’s ability to sense the position and movement of its limbs. Pole work exercises help to improve this ability as horses must accurately place their feet over the poles, which requires coordination and balance.

How To Start Pole Work Rehab

One thing to keep in mind is that going faster to achieve results isn’t necessary when long-reining. Doing in-hand work in this way works very well using a nice forward walk. Focus on keeping a steady rhythm, straightness, and correct bending around corners.

It can be a slow process, but over a few weeks, you will start to see improvements in the horse’s muscle, posture, and stride.

Many horses tend to enjoy this work. It keeps them interested without putting too much pressure on them. There are also endless pole configurations and patterns that you can do.

When first starting out, it is best to work over single poles. You can then make things more complex as the horse gets used to long reining and makes physical improvements.

In part 2, we will include some pole exercises that you can try.

 

For more information on how you can become an Equine Osteopath, click here

The Main Anatomy Of The Horse’s Back You Need To Know

The Main Anatomy Of The Horse’s Back You Need To Know

By Siun Griffin, Equine Physiotherapist and LCAO Community Manager

The anatomy and biomechanics of the horse’s back are essential for understanding how the horse moves and performs.

Having knowledge of the horse’s back structure is invaluable for horse owners and therapists alike. Ensuring that the back is kept in good condition with correct work, saddle fit, osteopathy, and vet care will help enable the horse to perform to its best whatever that task.

With this in mind, it is important to look at the whole horse as the back can affect other parts of the horse.

The back of the horse is a complex structure consisting of bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments that work together to provide strength, stability, and flexibility.

Let’s take a closer look at its individual parts.

 

Lumbar Spine

The lumbar spine consists of six vertebrae that are behind the thoracic vertebrae and have no rib attachments. It starts after the last rib and 18th thoracic vertebrae. Several muscle groups and ligaments attach to the lumbar vertebrae.

 

It has large transverse processes, and wide, flat vertebrae. This gives the lumbar area limited mobility. These connect to the much more mobile lumbosacral joint that provides hind-end propulsion. However, its latero-flexion mobility is limited.

The muscles that support the lumbar spine include the longissimus dorsi, iliocostalis, and psoas muscles.

The ligaments of the lumbar spine include the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments, which provide support and stability to the spine.

This tends to be a weaker area of the spine as it does not have the support of the ribs. This is one area where saddle fit is important as it should never sit on the lumbar spine.

 

 

Sacral Vertebrae

 

After the lumbosacral joint, you have the sacral vertebrae which slope slightly towards the tail. This section of the spine has fused vertebrae and doesn’t flex at all. It acts as one bone. Here, major ligaments and muscles attach from the pelvis and this section helps to support the hindlegs.

After the sacral vertebrae, the last section of the spine is in the tail. Horses can have 15 to 25 of these small vertebrae in their tail, with an average of 18.

 

 

 

 

Thoracic Spine

 

The thoracic spine of the horse consists of 18 vertebrae (T1 – T18). The withers are part of the thoracic spine and are the largest spinous processes. It has limited mobility and is supported by large muscles, ligaments, and ribs.

The muscles that support the thoracic spine include the longissimus dorsi, multifidus, and serratus ventralis muscles.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Main Muscles of the Back

The main muscles of the horse’s back which span across multiple sections of the spine include the longissimus dorsi, multifidus, serratus ventralis, iliocostalis, spinalis thoracis, and trapezius.

 

 

Longissimus dorsi

 

The longissimus dorsi muscle supports the lumbar spine and runs from the sacrum to the withers. It can act to extend and laterally flex the spine and is the largest muscle of the horse’s back.

The longissimus muscles are the easiest to use to see and feel as they are found on the surface. Horses often get sore, develop spasms, and get fatigued in these muscles as they do so much to support the horse.

 

 

 

 

 

Multifidus muscle

 

The multifidus muscle runs along the spine and provides support and stability to the vertebrae. This is a deeper muscle and divides into segments that support only a few vertebrae each.

It is important that the multifidus functions correctly and is strong, otherwise too much pressure is put on the longissimus to provide support. When that happens, you get the issues mentioned above in the longissimus.

 

 

 

 

 

Serratus ventralis

 

The serratus ventralis muscle is located on the sides of the spine and provides support and stability to the rib cage. It is a large, important muscle that supports the chest and breathing.

The dorsal section of this muscle sits close to the spine. The cranial part of the dorsal section is found behind the scapula and over the first few ribs. It sits under the latissimus dorsi, except for the lowest part, which is just under the skin. (The area where the rider’s leg sits).

 

 

 

Both the thoracic and cervical sections of the serratus play a major role in leg and shoulder movement. It is important for the health of the back as poor saddle fit can affect it, thus having a knock-on effect on the entire back.

 

 

 

 

 

Trapezius

 

The trapezius has two sections, cervical and thoracic. The thoracic is a triangular shape that sits over the withers and attaches to the scapula. It is not a weight-bearing muscle, but the saddle does sit on the caudal portion. Poor-fitting saddles can cause a lot of damage to the trapezius if they put excess pressure on it.

Its main job is to move the shoulder blade.

 

 

 

 

Iliocostalis muscle

 

The iliocostalis muscles are located on the sides of the spine and provide support and stability to the back. It is divided into segments that run from the lumbar spine to the third rib.

When these muscles contract on both sides, they help extend the spine. When one side contracts, you get lateral bending.

On many horses, it is possible to palpate these muscles.

 

 

 

 

 

Spinalis dorsi muscle

 

The spinalis dorsi muscle is a deep muscle. It is responsible for supporting the vertebrae and movement of the neck. It runs from the lumbar to the cervical spine.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

It plays an important role in stabilizing the cervico-thoracic junction. It is underneath the trapezius and often doesn’t get much attention or thought.

Poor saddle fit can cause quite a bit of damage to this muscle. So it is important not to forget about it.

 

 

 

Iliopsoas muscles

 

While not a main back muscle of the horse, this muscle group does help stabilize the spine as well as protract the hind limbs and helps with hip flexion. They are deep muscles, making them hard to treat and identify as the source of pain. They are vulnerable to strain. An effective technique for reaching the iliopsoas is the OAB technique.

 

 

 

 

 

Ligaments of the horse’s back

 

 

The tendons of the thoracic spine include the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments, which provide support and stability to the spine.

Interspinous ligament

This ligament runs along the spine filling the spaces between the spinous processes while helping to support the spine’s vertebrae in movements such as flexion and extension. It is this ligament that interspinous ligament desmotomy is performed for some horses with kissing spines.

Supraspinous ligament

The supraspinous ligament is a strong, important ligament that helps prevent the vertebrae from moving too much, and provides support. It is long, running from T3 to the sacrum.

It sits on top of the dorsal spinal processes and is a continuation of the nuchal ligament that runs from skull to the withers. This ligament does not have a lot of elasticity and can be injured when overstretched.

The widest section sits over the withers where many muscles attach to it.

Ventral longitudinal ligament

The job of this ligament is to prevent the spine from overextension. It sits below the vertebrae.

Basic Biomechanics

The horse’s back is essential for maintaining balance, stability, and flexibility during movement. When the horse moves, the muscles of the back work together to support the weight of the rider. The back also plays a vital role in the horse’s movement, allowing it to perform a range of movements, including collection, extension, and lateral movements.

The biomechanics of the horse’s back are complex and depend on the interplay between the bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments.

The muscles of the back work together to provide strength, stability, and flexibility, while the tendons and ligaments provide support and stability to the spine. The shape and structure of the spine also play a role in the biomechanics of the horse’s back, allowing for a range of movement while maintaining balance.

The anatomy and biomechanics of the horse’s back are complex and essential for understanding how the horse moves and performs.

While this isn’t an in-depth look at the horse’s back it is a good starting point for anyone who works with horses to develop their understanding of how it works. Having this knowledge will help equestrians better manage their horses and help them stay comfortable.

Special thanks for graphics credit: EquiPro Connect

Gain an in-depth understanding of Equine Functional Anatomy & Biomechanics here

 

 

 

Osteopathy is Not Just Skin Deep

Osteopathy is not just “skin deep”.

Thoughts on the deeper effects of Osteopathic Manual Therapy in animals.

By Chris Bates, DO, Animal Therapist and LCAO Contributor

It is easy to look at Osteopaths in practice and see the obvious or perhaps larger effects of their manual work on the animal, but what else happens during an Osteopathic treatment?

This is a question asked by owners, therapists, and veterinarians alike- a question that deserves a well-developed answer. Here we go!

In previous blogs, we have discussed the integrated and interconnectedness of the body. This interconnectedness ultimately dictates its function.

By seeing the body this way, it becomes obvious that performing a limb rotation using the OAB (Osteopathic Articular Balancing) technique is not just articulating joint surfaces.

Many think the term Osteopathy refers to a practice only concerned with bones. This couldn’t be further from the truth. The term was derived from the philosophy of the interconnectedness of the skeletal system to everything else.

Andrew Taylor Still, the founder of osteopathy, would teach how the diseases of the body would express an outwardly visible or palpable structural alteration and that skeletal structural disposition would in turn create disease.

One could say that the most effective tool was the terminus of sorts that the skeletal structure provided. A perfect lever to adjust the constitution of the system… the engine.

Still, wrote in his autobiography, “An osteopath is only a human engineer, who should understand all the laws governing his engine and thereby master disease.” (2018, Republished).

This shows us that we can and should learn how our techniques as therapists affect deeper structures. As classical osteopaths, our movements are long levers used to interact with the parts of the body that may otherwise seem unreachable.

To know all of a bone in its entirety would be to close both ends of an eternity” (A T Still, 2018).

We must be fully aware of the scope of practice of Osteopathy in the modern veterinary world and not suggest that our work is a replacement for appropriate veterinary attention.

However, we must also offer the veterinary profession the bountiful opportunities for health promotion that Osteopathy could provide. I say “could” as it is imperative, first and foremost, that we fully understand the body.

We need this knowledge in order to appropriately adjust it toward health. The hands used without mind are but blunt instruments. With the mind and intellect guiding, the hands become surgical tools without comparison.

Let us consider a dog who has been suffering from a lung infection of some kind. The veterinary intervention of antibiotics has been successful but there is evidence of irritation/inflammation of the pleura (serous membranes lining the thoracic cavity allowing the sliding of the lung tissues against the interior of the cavity during breathing).

Using this as our starting point, we can assess how OAB can assist in a vet-led treatment plan. During forelimb OAB, it is possible to use flexion and compression of the lower limb to isolate movement to the more proximal regions.

Using highly developed palpation, one can feel the muscular and facial pull of the forelimb on the serratus muscles and pectoral group; the muscles which elevate and depress the ribs.

This passive movement of the ribs will gently mobilize the serous membranes of the pleura, encouraging mucosal secretion, lymphatic drainage, and arterial perfusion.

All of the above is essential for the tissues to properly function. As a long lever method that does not require direct pressure, this is well tolerated and works synergistically with the natural respiratory rhythms.

The above is just one example of the holistic nature of Osteopathy. Using it as our guidepost, it is impossible to treat a region or system in isolation. These principles are natural laws.

They are deeply embedded in osteopathic philosophy but perforate all other systems of health as well. For example, if drugs are used, they will come with side effects.

This is because they are affecting everything, not just the intended dysfunction. This does not make drugs bad but proves that the natural laws of Osteopathy are applicable in all areas of health promotion.

To summarise, the wider implications of our manual interventions must be thoroughly understood. Classical osteopathic techniques were designed to have far-reaching effects deep within the body. We are never just treating a joint!

At LCAO we pride ourselves on offering extensive anatomical education and ensuring students fully appreciate the living functions under their hands. This makes our work safe, effective, and potentially more wide-reaching in its benefits.

For more information on how you can become an animal osteopath, click here

References:

Still AT. Autobiography of Andrew T. Still, with a History of the Discovery and Development of the Science of Osteopathy, Together with an Account of the Foundi. Franklin Classics Trade Press; 2018.

Feeding Oil To Horses – What Is Best?

Feeding Oil To Horses – What Is Best?

By Siun Griffin, Equine Physiotherapist and LCAO Community Manager

Dressing your horse’s feed with oil is a popular and long-practiced part of equine management. However, there is a lot of misinformation about what oils you should provide your horse.

When choosing an oil to give your horse one of the main things to consider is the omega balance. You want to use an oil that is high in omega-3 and avoid those high in omega-6.

This means that the ever-popular option of vegetable oil should not be used. Vegetable oil is high in omega-6, which is inflammatory. It is also highly processed. While it was once the go-to oil used to provide horses with extra calories due to its high fat, low cost, and ease of obtaining, it really has no place in our feed rooms today.

Today, it is easy to source good quality oils with high omega-3 content from your local feed shop.

 

Benefits of feeding the right oil to your horse

Feeding oil to horses can be beneficial in several ways, including improving coat condition, providing a source of energy, and promoting overall health. Linseed oil is often considered the best oil to feed horses due to its high levels of omega-3 fatty acids.

 

On another note, you can provide this type of quality fat to your horse’s diet with ground flax/linseed if you prefer not to use an oil.

Omega-3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids that play a critical role in maintaining the horse’s health, particularly in regard to their immune system and joint health. Linseed oil is one of the best dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids, and it also contains high levels of other beneficial fatty acids such as linolenic acid.

 

In addition to its nutritional benefits, linseed oil has been shown to have positive effects on coat condition, promoting a healthy shine and reducing dryness and flakiness. It also has anti-inflammatory properties, which may help to reduce the risk of certain inflammatory conditions in horses.

Feeding oil to horses can also be an excellent source of energy, particularly for horses that need to maintain their weight or need additional calories for high levels of performance. Oil is a highly digestible source of energy, and it can be beneficial for horses that have difficulty consuming large amounts of forage or concentrate feeds.

It’s important to note that when feeding oil to horses, it’s crucial to introduce it slowly and gradually increase the amount over time to avoid digestive upset. The recommended amount of oil to feed to horses will depend on their individual needs, but generally, it’s suggested to feed between 1/4 to 1/2 cup of oil per day.

Another good option is cod liver oil as it too has a good omega profile. However, it is more expensive than linseed oil and does not come from a plant source, which some may not like to give their horses.

Why you should avoid vegetable oil in your horse’s diet

Vegetable oils, such as soybean oil and corn oil, tend to have high levels of omega-6 fatty acids compared to omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-6 fatty acids are an essential nutrient that horses require in their diet, but excessive amounts of omega-6s relative to omega-3s can lead to an imbalance in their fatty acid intake.

An imbalance in the omega-6 to omega-3 ratio can cause inflammation in horses, which can contribute to a variety of health problems, including joint pain and stiffness, skin issues, and allergies.

It is important to note that individual horses may have different dietary needs and requirements based on factors such as age, breed, activity level, and overall health status. It is always best to consult with a qualified veterinarian or equine nutritionist to ensure that your horse’s dietary needs are being met appropriately.

For more information on how you can become an Equine Osteopath, click here

Easing a Difficult Calf Birth with Craniosacral Osteopathy

5 Mar 2024 Equine

Easing a Difficult Calf Birth with Craniosacral Osteopathy

As an experienced animal osteopath, course creator and member of the teaching faculty at London College of Animal Osteopathy (LCAO), Prof. Vickie Keam has treated canines, equines and cows of all ages. Here, a client describes how Prof. Keam was instrumental in easing a difficult calf birth through  craniosacral osteopathy.

Pippa, the ranch pet cow had a very restless labour as she kept getting up and repositioning. After the long birth, we gave Pippa and her new calf space to bond. Returning a few hours later, I found a still agitated momma that was constantly mooing at her calf. The calf was laying flat on its side and kicking its back leg. It would get up, walk a few feet away and proceed to try and lay down, which was more of a flop. I watched the calf for about half an hour thinking it had gotten stepped on. I decided to send a video to our long-time Equine Osteopath, Vickie Keam, to ask if there was something that could be done. Vickie lives 3 hours away so she talked me through craniosacral and how to put my hands around the calf’s ears with my thumbs on her forehead and not to squeeze but to just feel and think positive.

While following Vickie’s instructions, I just kept telling myself to think the head needs to go normal. I could feel the slightest shift as her head readjusted. The newborn was standing during this time with her head almost to the floor, after ten minutes she did a big stretch and then another about a minute later, she then walked away from me and laid down like a normal calf, curled up and fell asleep. Pippa walked over to her baby, sniffed her, licked her, and laid down beside her calf and proceeded to chew her cud. Happy momma and calf.

L. Clark, Alberta Rancher

The first 12 hours of the calf’s life.

 

 

This is an hour after Prof. Keam talked the owner through craniosacral.

 

 

This is 24 hours after receiving craniosacral osteo.

 

 

For more information on how you can become an animal osteopath, click here

The Art of Classical Osteopathy

The Art of Classical Osteopathy

By Chris Bates, DO and Animal Therapist

If you’re here reading this blog you’ve either 1) heard of classical osteopathy and want to learn more or 2) you’re saying to yourself “Wait, there are different types of osteopathy?”. Either way, we welcome you to the discussion. Let’s dive in!

Modern vs. Classical Osteopathy – What’s The Difference?

Classical Osteopathy is informed by evidence, but led by Principles. The basis for Osteopathy is the realization that the being (animal or human) is a body ‘in’ lesion, not a lesion in the body.

There is no separate entity that is the condition, the animal or human exists AS the lesion. The form of the patient is a result of their internal and external environment which in turn is a result of the various forces upon the patient.

These forces could be physical (chemical, trauma, genetic) or perhaps emotional (grief, excitement, etc).

Perhaps one of the most divisive phrases used when teaching classical Osteopathy is “The body doesn’t go wrong”, but when you change your perspective to an Osteopathic view, this is obvious. The body is only doing what it can with the available afferent information it receives.

Our treatment is based upon this understanding and the guiding natural principles set out by Andrew Taylor Still.

The osteopathic principles

  1. The body is a unit of body, mind, and spirit.
  2. The body is capable of self-regulation and self-healing
  3. Structure and function are interrelated.
  4. Treatment is based upon an understanding of the above three principles.

Unfortunately, many courses available today in the human or animal realms of therapy are not guided by these principles as strongly as we believe to be necessary.

To be called an “Osteopathic” education, some institutions will only explain the principles and philosophy of Osteopathy in a historical context. It is our belief as a college that principles and philosophy are what set disciplines apart and create the unique viewpoints that further our understanding of health.

To truly use principles in practice, they must be taught in a way that makes them not only relevant to modern clinical work but applies them as a lens through which to see.

Osteopathy of course has limitations as any approach does. For example, when the vital reserve of the body is depleted and overwhelmed, replacement, supplementation, or removal procedures (Medical allopathy) are required to support life until the vitality of the body is sufficient to maintain its homeostasis.

No sensible Osteopath or Osteopathy course would suggest that Osteopathy is the only required intervention in all scenarios. This fact is itself part of Osteopathic thinking. Both approaches are correct for the situations they are suited for.

A box can cast a square shadow or a rectangular one, both are representations of the same reality but seen from different angles. Neither shadow is wrong but neither is displaying the full truth either.

To have Osteopathy as it was intended with its principles in place means that a wider view of that ultimate truth is more visible. To dispense with the principles means only looking from one angle and only seeing part of the picture.

An example of Medical view Vs. osteopathic:

It could be said that the ‘dysfunction’ talked about in medical terms may be better described as ‘altered function’. As we know from our Osteopathic Principles, Structure and Function are reciprocally interrelated.

This means that to destroy the function it is performing would mean destroying the structure as it presents itself. The function is serving a purpose, our job is to discover that purpose and highlight its redundancy.

Classical Osteopathic techniques

Body Adjustment

Above all others, the General Osteopathic Technique (GOT), known in animals as Osteopathic Articular Balancing (OAB) is the most important approach in classical osteopathy.

It is used to both assess AND treat problems in the body. It does this by moving every tissue in the body through its full range of motion. After all, proper motion is essential for proper health (reference).

OAB is applied by focusing on the joints. If the joints are taken through their full range of motion, each tissue will reach its full intended range as well.

For example, if the elbow of a dog or horse is flexed and extended to its maximum potential, the osteopath will in turn move the associated muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels to their maximum within that region.

This passive motion creates proprioceptive change in the nervous system, leading to a balancing of the body as a whole.

When practicing osteopathy as it was originally intended, OAB should first be applied as a global assessment and treatment.

Once complete, the osteopath will have a clear osteopathic diagnosis as well as the majority of necessary treatment complete. Now it’s time for the finishing touches if needed!

A few techniques that pair well with well-developed OAB:

Functional Technique

Indirect pressure can be used after OAB, before OAB, or during OAB to get the desired effect.

Cranial Osteopathy

Direct effect on the nervous system and mental health. Promotes proper flow of cerebrospinal fluid, essential for the health of the system and the body as a whole.

Final Thoughts

Osteopathic thought and the application of its principles should be the foundation for all students in animal osteopathy.

At LCAO, we strive to give our students the right foundation based on classical osteopathic principles.

This will help them stand on solid ground in their practice and help further the field of animal osteopathy in a direction that mirrors that of A.T. Still’s original intent.

As different therapy modalities grow and evolve, there is a need to continue asking the question, “Are we going in the right direction?” And “is this what was originally intended by the founder of our modality?”

If the answer is yes, then we push on! But if the answer is no, we need to reconsider our direction as members of the osteopathic community.

Osteopathy should not be immune to change, however. A T Still himself said “Dig on” in regards to continuing the work and development.

Changes continued through Osteopathic history such as the development and refinement of Cranial Osteopathy, the better understanding of nutritional variables, and the understanding of spinal mechanics by pioneers like Fyette.

Over the past few decades, we’ve seen a shift in osteopathy, as is the natural progression. We are seeing wonderful old and new techniques being taught and developed.

As we move forward, let us also look backward to see if we are still in line with the original osteopathic principles and ideals. It is seeing the principles and ideals as foundational to any technique that allows us to remain “Osteopaths”.

Something that is particularly difficult with regulating osteopathy is that it is based on principle, not technique. In answer to the question “What is Osteopathy?”, One could simply say “Osteopathy is what the Osteopath does”.

This is still no excuse for the crumbling of proper training. Poorly taught principles lead to shallow technique development. Without students understanding why they are doing what they do, courses will only produce manual therapists, not Osteopaths.

Proper osteopathic thought leads to a classical approach. Osteopathy for animals should be no different.

Caring for the Injured Horse Part I

Caring for the Injured Horse Part I

By Chris Bates, Osteopath (DO), Animal Therapist and LCAO Contributing Author

Caring for horses is a fun and rewarding experience. However, as with any living creature, accidents and injuries can happen. It’s common to hear about horses coming in from grazing with cuts, lumps, and bumps and feeling worse for wear after charging around a little too enthusiastically.

Even the stable can carry risks if the horse slips or knocks themselves on something. It’s very important to have an understanding of what to do to treat minor injuries and when to call the Vet.

Common Horse Injuries

If horses are turned out to graze in company then there can be “disagreements” between them from time to time even if they normally get on well. Bites and kicks from other horses can range from very minor to serious injuries.

Horses have very well-developed body language and most of the time, posturing is enough to establish understanding, but if this doesn’t do the trick then feet can fly. Horses will sometimes break the skin whether they are shod or barefoot.

Small lacerations from kicks can often be treated with good cleaning and antiseptic topical treatments but there are things to look out for. If the wound is bleeding heavily then veterinary attention is needed as there may be damage to blood vessels and stitches may be required.

Wounds located over joints are also cause for concern; if the wound becomes infected then the proximity to a joint can lead to the joint capsule becoming septic and resulting in serious damage to the articulation.

When the wound is over a joint, look for swelling, heat, and lameness, you may also see a straw-colored liquid coming from the wound which might be synovial fluid (the fluid contained within the joint capsule).

If the joint is hot and swollen and the horse is showing signs of lameness then consult the vet as a priority; depending on the details you give them, they may suggest running cold water over the area to remove debris from the wound and reduce pain and inflammation.

 

(Cold hosing a swelling is an effective way to reduce pain and encourage weight bearing again)

 

Puncture wounds from a nail or small objects can be hard to spot due to their size and yet can be very dangerous. Often a puncture wound will close again after the foreign object is removed or falls out, however, this can trap bacteria in the wound and lead to infection.

If the wound is small or has closed, the first signs are often seen at the stage of infection. These would be heat, swelling, redness, pain, and possible lameness. Again, consult the vet, they may leave you with advice on poulticing the site which can draw out infectious materials and assist in wound healing.

 

(Example of a wound over the hock joint, note the signs of inflammation mentioned above and the site of a puncture). ‍

 

What You Should Have In Your Horse First Aid Kit

It’s a good idea to have some basic first aid supplies for injuries like these. Here are some first aid items that are useful:

  • Clean cotton wool – Great for cleaning small wounds with clean warm water.
  • Antiseptic ointment or cream – Always ensure these are within date and sealed well after use.
  • Poultice – Many are available from tack stores and from your vet and can often be used wet or dry depending on the vet’s advice.
  • Vet Wrap / self-adhesive bandage – Used to keep dressings in place and clean.
  • Scissors – Bandage scissors are designed to remove dressings without risking further injuries.
  • Heavy-duty tape – This is often used to cover hoof poultices and keep them clean.
  • Salt – Salt can be mixed with water to use in wound care and even as a dental rinse following injuries or dental treatments.
  • Thermometer – It can be very useful in some conditions to assess the horse’s vital signs over a period of time or to take their temperature if you suspect infection. Normal range is 37.2°C to 38.5°C (99.0°F to 101.4°F)
  • Diapers – These are great as a base layer over a wound and under the other bandaging. You can apply creams to the diaper before putting it on if the horse is particularly sore. They are also absorbent, so soak up any fluid that may be coming from the wound, and are also less likely to stick. They also provide some padding which helps protect a sensitive area. Just make sure to cut the elastic edges to avoid creating any unwanted pressure points.

 

This is not a complete list but a good tack store can also provide advice on additional items and their uses. Vets should always be able to give you advice on the most suitable products for your animal’s condition.

Spotting Lameness

Recognizing lameness is a science in itself. It is not uncommon to have other horse owners offer their opinions.

Unfortunately, walking or trotting up a lame horse a number of times until a non-professional has spotted something is often doing more harm than good. If you think that your horse is uncomfortable or moving differently then it is best to ask your Vet for advice.

The obvious signs of lameness are:

  • Avoidance of weight bearing (standing or moving)
  • Unequal strides
  • Stride deviation – not tracking in a straight line
  • Nodding of the head to shift weight off of the affected limb

Hopefully, you’ve found this helpful. I’ll be back in the coming weeks with part II.

 

For more information on how you can become an Equine Osteopath, click here

Signs of Joint Pain in Dogs

By Siun Griffin, Animal Physiotherapist and Community Manager at London College of Animal Osteopathy (LCAO). 

 

Joint pain is a common issue that affects dogs. Signs of joint pain in dogs can come from injury, such as overdoing it when running, falling, and playing, or from conditions, such as arthritis.

While this type of pain is more common in older dogs, it can affect those of any age. Spotting the signs early means you can help you solve or slow any issues that are occurring, possibly preventing more serious problems that can impact a dog’s quality of life.

Causes and Types of Joint Pain in Dogs

While there are many different causes of joint pain, here I will cover some of the most common ones.

These fall into two categories, developmental and degenerative

Developmental Joint Issues in Dogs

Developmental joint issues are those that a dog is born with, though they can be degenerative over time. Conformation and breed make certain dog breeds more prone to developmental joint problems.

These issues mean that the dog’s body does not form joints normally, which can cause pain. Common issues that arise due to this are hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, and osteochondritis dissecans (OCD).

Large breeds are known to be at higher risk of these issues. For example, German Shepherds are prone to hip and elbow dysplasia, as well as osteoarthritis. Bernese Mountain dogs are also at a higher risk of these conditions.

Degenerative Joint Issues in Dogs

Degenerative joint issues happen over time from repetitive use and injuries. This joint pain often comes from wear of the joint’s surrounding tendons and ligaments. The cruciate ligament is one of the most common tissues to cause problems when it wears or is injured.

Osteoarthritis and fractures, even small ones, can result in degenerative joint issues that cause pain. Again, larger dogs are more likely to suffer pain due to degenerative joint issues. This is because they are heavier, which puts more strain on the joints.

This is also why diet and preventing a dog from becoming obese are important.

So, what are the main signs of joint pain in dogs to look out for?

Signs of Joint Pain in Dogs

While these signs don’t mean a dog is suffering from joint pain for certain, they are often associated with it and what vets often see during an examination.

Stiffness

Joint pain can cause a dog to move with more stiffness. You may notice they take longer to stand up after a nap and walk with less fluid steps. The dog may not be able to run as quickly and as agile as it used to.

Limping

Limping is a big sign of joint pain. This can range from slight lameness to the very obvious. Arthritis is commonly found as the condition that is causing limping. Arthritis causes wear to the joint and is degenerative. The joint no longer moves slowly, which results in inflammation and pain.

Tendon and ligament injuries can also cause limping. The damage to these tissues can lead to joint pain over time as they wear and do not heal perfectly.

Lethargy and Depression

Spending more time resting and a loss of enthusiasm for playing and other active activities could be a sign that a dog is suffering from joint pain. This can also appear in the form of appetite loss.

Muscle Atrophy

Joint pain can cause a dog to compensate and not use its body correctly. This can result in muscle wastage.

Irritability

A dog that starts to show signs of irritability, especially when it didn’t previously, could mean it is in pain. This is often joint pain. Being touched or moving is painful, and the dog prefers to be left to rest.

Slipping or Falling

A dog may become less stable when moving due to pain in the joints. This may cause the dog to slip or fall more frequently or when doing activities that normally shouldn’t cause this.

Slowing Down

A dog with joint pain is less likely to run and play as often. They generally move slower and may struggle on walks that were once easy for them.

Difficulty With Stairs

If a dog starts to have trouble going up and down stairs, it could be a sign they are suffering joint pain. This also applies to difficulty getting into the car or on the bed or sofa.

Change in Leg Stance

To compensate for joint pain, a dog will often change how it stands. Pain in the hind end often causes the dog to stand with its hind legs close together, shifting more weight to the front. Pain in the front can result in the dog standing with its front legs in a wider stance, often with the elbows sticking out.

This is often an early sign of joint pain, so it is good to know a dog’s normal stance to spot these subtle changes.

Bunny Hopping

Bunny hopping is pretty much as the title suggests. The dog starts to move like a bunny using both hind legs at the same time to move. This is often a sign of pain in the hip.

Excessive Licking and Chewing

Dogs may start to lick or chew excessively on certain areas of their body. This is one way for them to soothe the joint pain they are feeling.

To find the exact cause of joint pain, the dog will need a diagnosis from a vet. Once the problem area is confirmed, a treatment plan can be put in place. Osteopathy can work well in conjunction with veterinary treatment to help the musculoskeletal system, remove restrictions, and improve mobility.

 

To learn more about how you can become a Canine Osteopath, click here

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