Category Archives: Equine & Canine Osteopathy

Osteopathy is an increasingly sought-after form of therapy, reflecting a broader shift towards holistic and alternative therapies in veterinary care.

This holistic approach to treating animals is gaining popularity as pet owner awareness increases. Complementary therapies are becoming more common, as evidence supporting the efficacy of osteopathy treatment for animals increases.

A significant driver of this growth is the equine market, where osteopathy has become an essential part of care for both performance and working horses.

 

The Equine Market: A Major Growth Driver

 

The demand for animal osteopathy is particularly strong in the equine market, where it has become a standard part of care for performance horses, such as those involved in racing, show jumping, and dressage. These horses are prone to musculoskeletal issues that can impair their performance and overall well-being.

It is also growing as riders and owners look for more holistic treatments for performance horses with tight competition rules regarding the use of medications around competition times.

The benefits of osteopathy in improving back pain, joint stiffness, and muscle imbalances have made it a crucial tool in the care of these valuable animals. According to a study involving 374 horses with suspected sacroiliac and/or hip joint dysfunction and back pain, only 15 horses did not show improvement after treatments (1).

Moreover, the equine market’s demand for osteopathic services extends beyond high-performance sports. Working horses, including those used in agriculture, police work, and therapy programs, also benefit from regular osteopathic care. These treatments help maintain their health and functionality, ensuring they can perform their duties effectively and with minimal discomfort.

 

The Growing Awareness and Acceptance of Holistic Animal Care

 

While the equine market is a major driver of demand, pet ownership is also on the rise globally, leading to increased care for small animals like dogs and cats. According to a 2023 report by Grand View Research, the global pet care market is expected to reach $350 billion by 2027, with an increasing portion of that expenditure being directed toward specialized and holistic treatments, such as animal osteopathy. (2)

Pet owners today are more informed and engaged with their pets’ well-being than ever before. They are increasingly seeking out alternative and complementary therapies that align with a more natural and preventive approach to health.

Animal osteopathy, which focuses on improving an animal’s health through the manipulation of muscles, bones, and joints, fits perfectly within this paradigm. This growing awareness is translating into a higher demand for trained professionals in the field.

 

Market Data Reflecting the Surge in Demand

 

Several key market indicators highlight the rising interest in animal osteopathy across different markets. A recent study by IBISWorld reports that the complementary and alternative veterinary care market, which includes services like osteopathy, has been growing at an annual rate of 7.5% over the past five years. This growth is expected to continue as more veterinary practices incorporate holistic treatments into their service offerings. (3)

Furthermore, the increasing number of training programs and certifications in animal osteopathy is another indicator of the field’s expansion. This surge in educational opportunities is both a response to and a driver of the growing demand, as more professionals seek to add osteopathic skills to their repertoire.

 

The Role of Scientific Research and Professional Endorsements

 

The legitimacy and credibility of animal osteopathy have been further bolstered by an expanding body of scientific research. Studies published in veterinary journals have begun to document the positive outcomes of osteopathic treatments, particularly in areas like pain management, mobility enhancement, and recovery from injury.

This growing body of evidence is particularly strong in the equine market, where osteopathy has been shown to improve not just physical performance, but also the quality of life for aging or injured horses.

Professional endorsements and the inclusion of osteopathy in veterinary practices are also playing a critical role in driving demand. As more veterinarians incorporate osteopathic techniques into their practice, often through collaboration with trained osteopaths, the profile of the profession continues to rise. This has the dual effect of increasing the visibility of osteopathy to pet owners and encouraging more veterinary professionals to seek training in this area.

 

Looking Ahead: The Future of Animal Osteopathy

 

The future of animal osteopathy looks promising, with demand set to continue its upward trajectory. As more pet owners embrace a holistic approach to their animals’ health, and as more professionals enter the field, the availability and accessibility of osteopathic treatments for animals are likely to increase. This growth will not only benefit pets and their owners but also provide new opportunities for veterinary practices and animal healthcare professionals.

For those considering a career in this burgeoning field, the timing couldn’t be better. The rising demand for animal osteopathy presents a unique opportunity to be at the forefront of a movement that is redefining animal healthcare.

Whether you are a veterinary professional looking to expand your skill set or a business seeking to tap into this growing market, the momentum behind animal osteopathy shows no signs of slowing down.

The rising demand for animal osteopathy is a reflection of broader trends in animal healthcare, including the increasing acceptance of holistic treatments and the growing commitment of pet owners to their animals’ well-being.

For more information on our animal osteopathy programs, click here

 

References:

1. Bechtel, K. M., & Lewin, C. R. (2008). Case reports: Effect of osteopathic manipulations on performance in 374 horses with suspected sacroiliac and/or hip joint dysfunction and back pain (2006–2007). *Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 28*(4), 229-237. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/201798894_Case_Reports_Effect_of_osteopathic_manipulations_on_performance_in_374_horses_with_suspected_sacroiliac_andor_hip_joint_dysfunction_and_back_pain_2006_-2007
2. Grand View Research. (2024). *Pet care market size, share & trends analysis report by product (food, grooming, healthcare), by animal type (dogs, cats, others), by distribution channel, by region, and segment forecasts, 2024 – 2030*. Grand View Research. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/pet-care-market
3. IBISWorld. Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Care.

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By: Chris Bates  M.Ost

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Feel and touch are not the only ways to really “feel”. I remember being told by one of my favorite teachers in my Osteopathy degree (for humans), “When you know the anatomy and how to work safely, then you can work with ‘no mind’, fluidly and without thinking”.

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His name was Greg Barker and he, unfortunately, passed away, but before he passed, he was instrumental in the development of many Osteopaths and was a highly regarded clinician and educator. Yes, I’m afraid this is one of those personal anecdote-style articles, but bear with me I promise it’s worth it.

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Do you feel it? 

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When I came to the world of Osteopathy, I had trained as a sports massage therapist and equine bodyworker. I thought I had pretty good hands-on skills and could feel what was going on under my hands. Little did I know that Osteopathy training would completely change the way I perceived the patient in front of me.

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We spend many hours studying the principles of Osteopathy and looking at how our paradigm of assessment and treatment is very different to other approaches, but practice is vastly different from remembering data.

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When we train, it is a little like we have been palpating (assessing through touch) with thick gloves on. Once the practice begins and you can learn by doing, the real information begins to become clear.

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There would often be times in my degree during practical classes when other students would turn to each other and say “Do you feel it?”. The majority of the time, it would be answered with a weary head shake and “still no…”.

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It’s very frustrating when a tutor is describing something that is apparently there and you are completely unable to pick it up. But looking back, I now know that I wasn’t “unable”, I was just not feeling enough, deeply enough.

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Going through the layers

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One thing that we were taught and that is imperative for any aspiring Osteopath, was feeling at depth. Palpation is not just the sensation of the surface tissue that your skin makes contact with, there are more tissues that are perceivable by adjusting your perception of them.

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Having a thorough understanding of anatomy is so important here because you can visualize the areas and tissues beneath your fingers which helps to know the pressure you need and the type of sensation to expect.

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Of course, it’s also important not to let a visualization blur what is really happening. There is no “perfect” patient and so tissues will be different from person to person, animal to animal. We don’t want to let a visualization put a fake picture of what is happening in our minds and give us a false reading so to speak.

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I was blown away at how little pressure was required to feel deeper; I had until then, been plowing my way through delicate tissues and ignoring the information that was so very useful. The problem is that when we start a new discipline, we are clumsy and unrefined, with practice it becomes second nature.

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Imagine a gymnast at the top of their sport, they didn’t start with that level of balance, coordination, and strength (unless their name is Simone Biles), they began by overshooting the energy, toppling over, and missing marks.

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We make contact with the skin and fur of the animal, we feel the temperature, moisture, quality of the coat, and the glide of the skin over the subcutaneous tissues and we can feel if the animal reacts with retraction or shudders for example.

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The touch for this is very subtle and if we press too hard, we completely lose a plethora of information. You get a better sensation of the animal’s skin temperature with a very light touch for example.

But we don’t stop here. The tiniest amount of pressure we can gently sink into the connective tissues and fascia underneath. These tissues have slightly more resistance to glide and you can sense the direction in which the fascia “draws” as it is semi contractile.

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We take time here to sense if there is a direction the fascia feels more restricted and can note this in our assessment as it may give us information on the deeper factors causing the animal’s presentation.

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Keep going… 

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At this level we can even pick-up vascular motion and fluid dynamics, we get the pulse, swelling and oedema. But there is more to do, just beyond this level is the muscle, tendon and ligament tissues.

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I often said to my students that the pressure needed to sense these was often only the pressure you could comfortably put up with on our closed eyelid, not much at all. Now we can really see how it is so easy to push blindly through the layers without perceiving them. At this deeper point we can feel tissue tension, spasm and fasciculation, interstitial fluid retention and of course observe for signs of pain.

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But wait, it’s not over yet…

Widen your field of perception and you can even palpate bone! Yes, you can really feel the bones without having to be in a surgical suite. Bone is a vital and living tissue. Dense with blood, marrow and microvascular structures, not the light weight dead stuff we look at in classrooms.

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It has a density that you can feel, you can sink into the tissues with your fingers and open your perception and you will palpate density, resistance, and of course, at a joint you will feel range of motion.

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The Subtle Nature of Osteopathy…

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In the realm of cranial Osteopathy that was first pioneered by William Garner Sutherland DO, there is so much more within and in-between the layers described above when palpating. The description above is really just to help open your mind to the possibility of feeling at a deeper level of understanding.

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Cranial Osteopathy also palpates the intrinsic motion of the cerebrospinal fluid, the reciprocal tension membranes, the cranial bones and the sacrum. These motions are extremely subtle and difficult to feel but once you get that eureka moment, it opens up a whole new plane of diagnostic information.

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In cranial lectures, I was always told to try and “tune in” to my patient, I found this very hard at first as I didn’t really understand what the tutor meant. It sounds rather out there to “tune in” like I should be wearing a tin foil hat or reciting a mantra, but the idea of tuning in is really just allowing your perception to meet the patient where they are.

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Above I describe how we don’t want our visualization of the anatomy to override what we are actually feeling. This idea is vital in deeper palpation and certainly cranial Osteopathy. We mustn’t block the body motion with too much intrusive pressure, nor should we guess at what is happening, simply allow for the time to properly form a picture of the motion and sensations you feel.

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Osteopaths have the luxury of often taking more time with their patients, although there is a prevailing industry standard of people giving patients 30 to 45 minutes for a session, I personally always set aside an hour because I do not dictate what the body has to “say” or how long it will take to adjust.

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Going beyond

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Feeling can also be less literal. Osteopathy is after all about the holistic view of the patient. What else can you feel?

• Pain
• Anxiety
• Joy
• Awkwardness
• Relief
• Concern

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The list would go on and on. The point I’m making is that we can gather a lot from how a situation makes us “feel” at an emotional level. It would be unprofessional to let emotion take over or to pretend to be an expert of psychology and behavior but we have all felt what it is like to “sense” an animal’s emotional state.

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We use our empathy as a palpation tool very often. Your “gut feeling” as some may call it, is incredibly useful to guide your investigations and treatment. We don’t note our gut feelings down in our forms and write ups as this would not be a metric that could be admissible for veterinary follow-ups or referrals, but it is certainly an aspect of your personal approach that can make you stand out as a practitioner.

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Some might describe this deeper sense of perception as being in the zone or in a flow state. These states of awareness are profound and create an ability to do what you do without really even thinking about it. Remember earlier what my teacher said to me? “….. Work with no mind, fluidly and without overthinking”. He really was one of the greats, R.I.P. Greg.

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Flow is letting yourself feel, don’t obstruct your assessment with preconceived ideas. I have always found it quite interesting that letting yourself feel is a similar principle to letting the patient’s body do the healing.

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The Osteopath really just removes the barriers to health and the body does the rest. Remove your barriers to feeling and you reach this flow state of truly sensing what is there, the senses do the rest. The Daoist philosophy would call it “wu-wei”, roughly translating as “action without action” or to go with the flow.

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How Do We Get Better at Feeling?

There are ways to train our senses to improve our Osteopathy. We used to play a game at University where the teacher would place a number of small objects underneath a piece of paper or a cloth and we had to touch over the cloth/paper to see what they were.

Initially, they were easier things like a spoon, a phone charging cable, or a large coin. Eventually, we would have to identify much harder things like string, a human hair or what type of coin was under the paper.

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This makes you engage with your fingertips and really helps. When we practice these types of exercises, the neuroplasticity of our brain and peripheral pathways gets more connected to this sense. It’s like walking the same track through a forest again and again, the path becomes easier and quicker to use. Of course, hands-on practice with the animals helps practice this too.

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We can enhance our skills by just feeling lots of different things. Hold something in your hands and really connect with the feeling of it. What is the surface like? Is it warm or cold? Is it mobile? Is it pliable?

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Feel the shape of it and make an image in your mind without looking at it directly. You can touch a tree or a leaf and determine its health, is the leaf dry and brittle? Is the tree solid and dense? It sounds silly to go around feeling things but it isn’t about how many things you feel, it’s about how you actually perceive them and what information you can gather.

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As regards getting into that flow state of feel, I recommend finding a craft or hobby that involves physical touch of movement and practicing it until it becomes second nature. This ability to then dissolve into the sensation of doing without the mind getting in the way will help you allow yourself to delve deeper into your Osteopathy.

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It is also very useful to have a craft or hobby that is separate from Osteopathy anyway as it acts as a relaxation time where you can recharge. Riding horses can be that hobby or maybe knitting or painting.

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LCAO offers practical masterclasses to consolidate your learning and give you feedback on your palpatory and treatment skills. Our video submissions and case studies also give tutors the chance to assess your ability in sensing the animals in front of you. Our classical approach to Osteopathy emphasizes the need for good palpatory skills and hands-on practice.

Click on the thumbnail below to read about how osteopathic treatment is used in animal rehabilitation.

 

 

Tony Smit

Center of Gravity – Riding Horses in Balance and Harmony

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By Chris Bates M.Ost EEBW BHSAI

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Riding horses can look effortless and easy when performed by some of the best riders out there. Those of us normal mortals though, understand that riding is far from easy.

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When you watch a horse and rider moving together in harmony, the signals given by the rider and the communication between them look almost invisible and there seems to be a psychic link from rider to mount.

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Much of the fluidity that we see in the experienced rider and their schoolmaster comes from establishing balance and ease of movement before the aids used to communicate are refined to higher levels.

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What Does Center of Gravity Mean?

The centre of gravity is a phrase many of us may have heard from our instructors, not just horse riding requires an awareness and control over the centre of gravity. So, what does it mean?

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Well, the idea is actually often misconstrued and poorly understood leaving many people seeking clarification on why it’s so important. Some think that the centre of gravity is where it is and that’s it, you have to feel it and then work around that.

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Well, actually the centre of gravity (COG) is not a physical object sitting inside you somewhere, nor is it stationary. COG is a point around which our weight and movement combine to a balance. Confused?… GOOD! Confusion is the best place to start learning from.

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Some describe the COG as the “Average location of the weight of an object” (Hall, 2022). We could go on for an entire book’s worth of description but this is just an article so I won’t beat around the bush with too much science jargon.

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Center of Gravity – Horse Riding

Being the “average” position of the weight of the object, you can imagine that this imaginary point sits as the balance whereby the rider or horse has an equal mass/weight left to right, front to back, above and below that point.

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One should look at this point three-dimensionally, many textbooks and riding manuals will depict the image from a lateral (side on) view and it can appear that the point only relates to the gravitational forces between the forehand and hind end.

 

 

The horse’s COG is roughly located level with its heart, below the withers, and centrally from a sagittal view. However, this alters with movement and posture. If the horse raises their head, the COG shifts backward and will consequently shift forward when lowering the head.

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The COG can be different depending on the type and breed of horse, their muscular development and weight, their conformation, and their hoof angles.

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Horse Rider Center of Gravity

The rider has a center of gravity roughly located at the level of the naval slightly posterior to it and centrally. There is little point discussing how this may differ when not sitting on the horse as this has no effect on riding.

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The rider COG of course will also be affected by the movement and configuration of their body just as the horse is.

 

 

Why Does COG Matter in Horse Riding

So why is this point so important to good riding? All disciplines and styles of riding require a combination of the same factors: Balance, Rhythm, impulsion, suppleness, responsiveness, and then other factors to refine specific goals.

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If the rider sits with their COG located above the horse’s COG then the horse will not have to alter their way of movement to accommodate unevenness.

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Should the horse need to adapt to a rider sitting behind the COG for example, then this could encourage a high head carriage, shifting the horse’s COG back and hollowing the back, this, in turn, makes impulsion much harder to achieve.

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Many riders will perch forward in their riding position due to inexperience or apprehension; this shifts their COG towards the horse’s head. In response, the horse needs to lower their head bringing all their forward energy onto the forehand. Horse’s on the forehand will lack hind end engagement and also risk stopping at jumps.

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An Example

I used to teach a rider who had an old hip injury that had healed poorly leaving her with more weight distributed into her left seat bone (Ischial tuberosity for you anatomy nerds) when riding.

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Her left stirrup was longer by two holes and this felt balanced to her. She had altered herself, unknowingly, to move her COG to the left as her right hip mobility was severely limited.

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When we sit in the saddle, there is a certain amount of hip flexibility required to allow for combined flexion, abduction and external rotation of the femur. As this rider’s right hip was very restricted in abduction and external rotation, she was physically forced to a deeper seat on her left.

 

 

This rider’s horse was a very accommodating mount and was well behaved but had to alter his posture to compensate. His COG was noticeably further left to “pick up” her imbalance.

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His left lateral shift of COG meant that he needed to hold a right bend constantly to maintain his balance. The right bend caused inability to pick up left canter, lack of impulsion on left rein and even right rein problems such as reduced shoulder protraction and falling out through the shoulder.

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In Osteopathy, we also understand Fryette’s laws of spinal motion and the rider fit in with these perfectly. The rider had a right side bend in her spine, this was then combined with left rotation (as per Fryette’s principles).

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The left rotation created rein length discrepancy and stiff upper body mechanics (when one plane of movement is engaged, the other planes will be reduced).  The horse also had a rotation in the cervical spine to the left as this was a compensation to maintain eye level and inner equilibrium.

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So How Do I Help Fix Balance and Harmony?

All of this can make it sound as if it would be far too difficult to ride well as it seems the tiniest of COG shifts can make a whole string of compensations. Well, there is good news and bad news.

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• Bad news – YES, riding is very hard to get mastery over.
• Good news – There are some really easy ways to help and things to remember.

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Always remember that nothing in the human or horse body is 100% even and equal from side to side, front to back. Even cells have asymmetry in their organelles and shape.

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You don’t need to become obsessed with absolute perfection because such a thing doesn’t exist. That is what makes the sport such fun, all people and horses are different and the aim is to just find the most effective, natural, balanced and ethical way to work with the horse.

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Easy thing 1:

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Get someone to take some photos of you riding. Get photos and or video riding and standing. The idea would be to cover all the basics by getting a view of front and back, left and right and ensure you get all your strides and maybe even jump.

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This is a great way to look at your own riding and see for yourself how to alter it for the better. There are even some great products on the market that mean you can film yourself using a phone or camera on a stand that follows your movement around the arena.

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If you trust the opinion of the person taking the footage, they may also be able to tell you what they observe in real-time.

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Easy thing 2:

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Hire a good instructor. A teacher who has a good understanding of biomechanics can help with advising on how to alter your position to ride more in balance. British Horse Society (BHS) qualified instructors and accredited coaches are trained in rider balance and recognizing faults.

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Many instructors will work closely with your Farrier, Vet, Osteopath, and Physiotherapist to ensure that musculoskeletal, hoof health, dental, and tack are all adjusted to provide balance and evenness.

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Easy thing 3:

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Mirrors!

It sounds simple but riding somewhere that has mirrors is an excellent way to see for yourself if you are sitting correctly. Perhaps combine number 2 and 3 and hire your instructor at a location with school mirrors.

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Easy thing 4:

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Call your Animal Osteopath!

Your qualified Animal Osteopath can do static and dynamic assessments of your horse and ascertain if there are some physical barriers to them keeping their COG where it would be most functional.

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Osteopaths can identify a variety of factors that could be affecting your horse’s way of moving and have the skills to work with their system to aim for alignment that is most conducive to healthy, balanced riding.

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Don’t forget that seeing an Osteopath yourself can do all of that for you too! The rider is 50% of the relationship.

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To learn more about how you can become an Animal Osteopath, click here

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Bibliography:

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Clayton, H.M., MacKechnie-Guire, R. and Hobbs, S.J. (2023). Riders’ Effects on Horses—Biomechanical Principles with Examples from the Literature. Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI, [online] 13(24), p.3854. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13243854.

Hall, N. (2022). Center of Gravity. [online] Glenn Research Center | NASA. Available at: https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/center-of-gravity/#:~:text=The%20center%20of%20gravity%20is%20the%20average%20location%20of%20the.

Spickard, S. (2022). Rider Biomechanics: Exercises to Correct Asymmetry in the Saddle. [online] NOËLLE FLOYD. Available at: https://www.noellefloyd.com/blogs/sport/part-3-exercises-to-correct-asymmetry-in-the-saddle.

www.equiculture.net. (2021). How to find your (horse riding) Centre of Gravity (CoG). [online] Available at: https://www.equiculture.net/blog/hrm-how-to-get-in-touch-with-your-centre-of-gravity.

Cooling Hot Dogs: Myths and Facts

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As temperatures rise, it’s crucial to keep our canine companions cool to prevent heat-related illnesses. Unfortunately, many myths about cooling dogs persist, potentially putting them at risk.

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Myth 1: Cold Water Causes Shock and Bloat

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Fact

A common myth suggests that giving dogs ice water can cause shock or bloat. Dr. Tina Wismer, medical director at the ASPCA’s Animal Poison Control Center, and Dr. Michael Tuder, owner, and director of four animal hospitals in Hudson County, N.J. both state that this is false information. (2)

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The only potential issue with providing ice cubes is the potential choking hazard which can possibly damage teeth, so care should be taken on how you provide your dog with ice.

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This is not supported by scientific evidence. Dogs can safely drink ice water, and it can actually help cool them down.

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Correct Method

Providing dogs with cool, fresh water, and adding ice cubes can help maintain the water’s temperature longer, making it more appealing and effective in cooling. Ensure that the dog drinks at a moderate pace to avoid gulping.

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Ensure the ice used is safe to avoid a choking hazard.

 

Myth 2: NOT Shaving Dogs with Thick Fur or Double Coats Will Keep Them Cooler

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Fact

This is a common myth that always creates a stir even when experts, such as Dr. David Marlin bring up correct scientific ways to cool dogs. The old, and incorrect, argument is that double coats actually regulate the dog’s temperature, helping them keep cool.

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To add the controversy – if you really think about it – how? It is not physically possible for a thick, double coat to cool the dog. A coat designed to keep the dog warm and protected in harsher and colder climates where the breed originated from.

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Another issue that is incorrectly spread is that shaving a double coat ruins it and it will not grow back properly. In reality, this rarely happens and dogs find great relief from fur removal when it is hot. The welfare of the dog should be the top priority over what is essentially something cosmetic.

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Correct Method

Regular grooming and brushing to remove excess fur and mats can help improve air circulation through their coat, aiding in natural cooling. However, if it is very hot and you have a dog with a thick or double coat that is clearly uncomfortable, such as lots of panting even when resting, shave their coat to give them relief. (1)

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It may not look as beautiful as its full coat, but you will have a happier, healthier dog and reduce the risk of heat stroke which is life-threatening.

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Myth 3: A Fan Alone Can Adequately Cool a Hot Dog

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Fact

While fans can provide some relief by increasing air movement, dogs primarily cool themselves through panting, and not sweating. Fans alone are often insufficient for cooling a dog, especially in high heat.

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Correct Method

Combine the use of fans with other cooling techniques such as providing a cool, shaded area and using damp, cool cloths on the dog’s body. Cooling mats can also be beneficial as they offer a consistent cool surface for the dog to lie on.

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However, the above should be used with caution when you are trying to keep a dog comfortable and are not the best methods to use if you have an overheating dog on the verge of or that is suffering from heat stroke. This is an emergency situation.

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These dogs need immediate cooling and the best way is to immerse them in cold water the best you can, such as hosing them off and to contact your veterinarian to immediate treatment.

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New research has resulted in the Royal Veterinary College calling for updates to the first aid advice that is still prevalent but outdated, despite the American College of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care’s Veterinary Committee on Trauma guidelines issued in 2016 with the best practice protocols.

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The RVC is advising “cool first, transport second as the immediate first aid response for dogs with heatstroke.” (3)

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Myth 4: Dogs Can Tolerate Heat Better Than Humans

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Fact

Dogs are actually more prone to heat stress than humans because they have fewer sweat glands and primarily cool off through panting and limited sweating through their paw pads. This makes them less efficient at dissipating heat.

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Correct Method

Avoid strenuous exercise during peak heat hours, provide plenty of water, and ensure access to shade. Use cooling mats, and cold surfaces, such as concrete or tiles in shade and fans.

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Key Steps for Effective Cooling

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• Hydration: Always ensure that your dog has access to fresh, cool water. Ice cubes can help keep the water cooler for longer periods.
• Cool Water Application: Wet your dog’s coat with cool water.
• Cooling Mats and Cold Floors: Use specially designed cooling mats that can be soaked in water and retain a cool temperature for an extended period. Provide a cold surface in the shade or in the house for the dog to rest on.
• Shade and Ventilation: Keep your dog in a shaded area with good airflow. Use fans in combination with other cooling methods to enhance their effect.
• Avoid Hot Surfaces: Hot pavement can burn a dog’s paw pads and increase body temperature. Walk your dog on grass and only during cooler parts of the day. Keep walks to a minimum in high temperatures, especially for dogs more prone to suffer the effects of the heat.
• Shave thick coats: Many dogs with thick coats will benefit from shaved coats in hot weather.
• Don’t leave dogs in the car: Despite the warnings every year, many dogs die from being left in the car in hot weather. Even a few minutes is not safe. It is best to leave dogs at home.

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Heat stress is an emergency, which we will cover more in another article.

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Final Thoughts

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Cooling dogs effectively requires debunking myths and relying on scientifically proven methods. Providing access to cool water, using cooling mats, and ensuring shade and ventilation are key steps in managing a dog’s temperature.

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As well as keeping dogs out of the heat as much as possible. Understanding and recognizing the signs of heat stress can prevent serious health issues, ensuring that our canine companions stay safe and comfortable in hot weather.

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For more information on how you can become a Canine Osteopath, click here

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Resources

1. Managing dogs in HOT weather, Dr. David Marlin, https://askanimalweb.com/managing-dogs-in-hot-weather/?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR39bhLupPSjioXcj6UmHMbYCplU1dPuy4DIwRtaL2w5GfZGsBqIN02P4DA_aem_hSL8Wru_qnLIEweTczOYrA
2. Will Ice Cubes and Ice Water Kill Your Dog This Summer?

https://abcnews.go.com/Lifestyle/truth-ice-water-dogs/story?id=24231633

3. The RVC urges owners of hot dogs to “cool first, transport second”, 20 Jul 2023. https://www.rvc.ac.uk/vetcompass/news/the-rvc-urges-owners-of-hot-dogs-to-cool-first-transport-second?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR3LIBaS3elDrfLj0xRd6ZcIyM8aZmWIhvCMU4BU3x27Vowlih5NIM3jXr0_aem_AvcutekAH-fgdNR28_m1Aw
4. Hall et al. (2023) “Cooling Methods Used to Manage Heat-Related Illness in Dogs Presented to Primary Care Veterinary Practices during 2016–2018 in the UK”

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Cooling Hot Horses: The Right Way & Busting Myths

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Cooling down a horse after intense exercise or in hot weather is crucial for its health and well-being. There are numerous myths surrounding the best practices for cooling horses, some of which can be detrimental. Here we’ll take a look at some of the common misconceptions and the best way to cool a hot horse.

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Myth 1: Cold Water Will Cause Muscle Cramping or Shock

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Fact

One of the most pervasive myths is that using cold water to cool a hot horse will cause muscle cramps, colic, or even shock the horse’s system. This is not true. Studies have shown that using cold water is the most effective method for reducing a horse’s body temperature. The key is to apply it rapidly and consistently.

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Correct Method

Hose the horse down with cold water, focusing on covering as much of the horse as possible, don’t start with the legs; another myth. Continuous application of cold water helps dissipate heat efficiently. Keep applying continuous cool water for several minutes if necessary, according to Dr. David Marlin. (1)

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Myth 2 – Not Scraping Off Water Traps Heat

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Fact

One misconception is that you need to scrape off excess water as it will ‘insulate’ the horse and trap heat. In fact, this isn’t true. Scraping off only slows the cooling process.

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Correct Method

If your horse is hot from working or being outside in the heat, you need to cool them as quickly as possible. Keep applying cool water without scraping to do this as quickly as possible. You should continue to do this until the horse shows signs of being more comfortable.

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Reapplying fresh, cold water helps maintain the cooling effect the most efficiently. A study found that not scraping body temperature reduction was greater. (2) This process should be repeated until the horse’s temperature decreases to a safe level. If it is very hot, cooling with water and then not scrapping at all will help maintain the cooling effect longer.

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For example, think about going swimming on a really hot day. When you get out of the water will you stay more comfortably cool longer if you towel yourself off or not? Leaving the water on yourself will keep you cooler for longer.

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Myth 3: Walking the Horse Until It Dries is the Best Way to Cool Down

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Fact

While walking a horse can help prevent stiffness and aid in the cooling process, it is not the most effective standalone method for rapidly cooling a hot horse. In high temperatures, this method alone may not sufficiently reduce the horse’s body temperature.

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Correct Method

Combining walking with cold water hosing is more effective. After hosing the horse, walking can help maintain circulation and aid in overall recovery, but should not replace active cooling methods like cold water application.

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Myth 4: Natural Cooling (Shade and Air Movement) is Sufficient

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Fact

While shade and air movement can assist in cooling, they are often insufficient on their own, especially after intense exercise or in extreme heat. Horses generate significant body heat during exercise, and relying solely on passive cooling methods can lead to overheating and heat stress.

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Correct Method

Active cooling methods should be combined with natural cooling strategies. After applying cold water and walking the horse, ensure it has access to shade and a well-ventilated area. Fans can also be used to enhance airflow and help evaporate sweat more effectively.

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Key Steps for Effective Cooling:

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• Immediate Cold Water Application: Use a hose or buckets of cold water to douse the horse
• Monitor Temperature: Regularly check the horse’s rectal temperature to ensure it returns to a safe level (below 102°F or 38.9°C).
• Post-Cooling Care: After the initial cooling, walk the horse to promote circulation and muscle relaxation. Provide access to shade and water, and consider using fans to increase airflow.
• Hydration: Ensure the horse has plenty of fresh water to drink. Electrolyte solutions can help replace salts lost through sweating.

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Final Thoughts

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Proper cooling techniques are essential for the health and performance of horses, especially in hot weather or after strenuous exercise. Debunking common myths and applying scientifically backed methods ensures that horses recover safely and efficiently. Always prioritize immediate and effective cooling methods, such as cold water application, and combine them with supportive measures like walking and proper hydration. By following these guidelines, horse owners can prevent heat-related illnesses and keep their equine companions healthy and comfortable.

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For more information on how you can become an Equine Osteopath, click here 

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Resources

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1. Best Practice for Horses in a Heatwave, Dr David Marlin

https://askanimalweb.com/best-practice-for-horses-in-a-heatwave/?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR0UeuSNVXZ61op0YF9nd4tCnWSQjvcIg6Qits1sZ2IO99EzVGZozRLGk_k_aem_vaKepwKo1Dz1QbELNE_e3g

.    2.      Relinquish the Sweat Scraper to Best Cool Horses, By Kentucky Equine Research Staff

https://ker.com/equinews/relinquish-the-sweat-scraper-to-best-cool-horses/

3.      Kang, H., R.R. Zsoldos, J.E. Skinner, J.B. Gaughan, and A.S. Guitart. 2021. Comparison of   post-exercise cooling methods in horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science:103485.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0737080621001155

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The Shoulder of the Dog: Anatomy and Functional Adaptations

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The shoulder of the dog is a complex anatomical structure that plays a crucial role in the animal’s mobility and agility. Understanding these components is essential for appreciating the dog’s evolutionary adaptations for running and hunting.

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Muscles of the Dog’s Shoulder

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The shoulder muscles in dogs are responsible for a wide range of movements, including flexion, extension, abduction, and rotation. Key muscles include:

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1. Deltoid Muscle: This muscle covers the shoulder joint and is involved in flexing the limb and lifts the humerus. It originates:

• On the scapular spine and inserts on the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus.
• At the acromion inserting into the deltoid tuberosity

It inserts at the humeral crest.

 

 

2. Supraspinatus Muscle: Originating on the supraspinous fossa of the scapula spine and inserting at the greater tubercle of the humerus, this muscle aids in the extension and flexion. It is one of the muscles that works to stabilize the shoulder joint. Active dogs are prone to injuring this muscle.

 

 

3. Infraspinatus Muscle: Found in the infraspinous fossa of the scapula, it functions as flexion and abduction of the forelimb. It originates at the infraspinous fossa and the scapula spine. It runs down the shoulder blade before crossing over to the humerus, where it inserts. The muscles works closely with the supraspinatus and are important for shoulder stabilization.

 

 

4. Subscapularis Muscle: Situated on the subscapular fossa, this muscle helps in the internal rotation of the humerus and also provides joint stability. It inserts at the coracobrachial muscle on the lesser tubercle of the humerus after crossing the shoulder joint. It adducts and extends the shoulder and helps keep flexion.

 

5. Coracobrachialis Muscle: It originates from the distal part of the scapula and inserts at the proximal part of the humerus. It helps stabilize the joint and adduct the shoulder.

 

 

6. Teres Major and Minor Muscles:  The major originates at the caudal margin of the scapula and inserts at the body of the humerus. The minor originates at the distal infraspinous fossa and infraglenoid tubercle, inserting at the teres minor tuberosity. Both muscles work to keep the shoulder stable and flex.

 

 

Absence of the Clavicle in Dogs

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Unlike humans and many other mammals, dogs do not possess a bony clavicle. Instead, they have a vestigial structure that is not connected to other bones but is embedded within the muscles of the shoulder. The absence of a functional clavicle in dogs allows for greater flexibility and range of motion in the forelimbs. This anatomical adaptation is particularly advantageous for running and leaping, as it enables the scapula to move freely in a dorsoventral direction, increasing stride length and efficiency.

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Functional Implications

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The combination of powerful muscles, robust ligaments, and flexible tendons allows dogs to perform a variety of complex and dynamic movements. The musculoskeletal design of the shoulder is optimized for speed and endurance, reflecting the evolutionary pressures of predation and survival.

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The lack of a clavicle contributes significantly to the efficiency of the canine gait. It reduces the weight of the shoulder girdle and minimizes resistance during limb movement. This adaptation is crucial for endurance running, which is a key survival strategy for many canine species.

 

Final Thoughts

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The shoulder of the dog is a remarkable example of evolutionary specialization. Its unique structure, characterized by the absence of a clavicle and the presence of well-developed muscles, ligaments, and tendons, underpins the dog’s exceptional locomotive capabilities. Understanding these anatomical features provides insight into the functional adaptations that have enabled dogs to thrive in diverse environments.

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Resources

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1. Dyce, K. M., Sack, W. O., & Wensing, C. J. G. (2017). Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy. Saunders.

2. Evans, H. E., & de Lahunta, A. (2013). Miller’s Anatomy of the Dog. Saunders.

3. Hermanson, J. W., de Lahunta, A., & Evans, H. E. (2019). Miller and Evans Anatomy of the Dog: E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.

4. IMAIOS, vet-Anatomy

5. Anatomy, biomechanics, physiology, diagnosis and treatment of teres major strains in the canine, Laurie Edge-Hughes.

 

By Siun Griffin, Veterinary Physiotherapist and LCAO Community Manager 

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Animal holistic health practitioners, including osteopaths, physiotherapists, acupuncturists, and other complementary therapists, possess unique skills that can significantly enhance the well-being of animals.

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Specialized knowledge in alternative therapies can be a powerful asset in the realm of animal welfare, particularly in supporting animals that have been rescued from neglect, abuse, or abandonment.

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The Role of Holistic Health in Animal Welfare

 

Holistic health focuses on treating the whole being – physically, emotionally, and mentally – rather than just addressing specific symptoms. This comprehensive approach is particularly beneficial for animals in rescue and rehabilitation settings, where the challenges they face are often multifaceted.

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Key Areas Where Holistic Health Practitioners Can Help

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1. Physical Rehabilitation and Pain Management

Animals rescued from adverse conditions often suffer from injuries, chronic pain, or musculoskeletal issues. Animal osteopaths and physiotherapists can provide targeted treatments that promote healing and relieve pain.

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Techniques such as joint mobilizations, soft tissue massage, and tailored exercise programs can significantly improve an animal’s mobility and comfort, enhancing their quality of life and increasing their adaptability.

 

 

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Whether showjumping, eventing or jumping for fun, jumping horses is a thrilling activity and the horses often thoroughly enjoy it too. Jumping is certainly one of the more intensive physical activities that we do with our horses and so it makes sense to fully understand what the horse is going through and how it can affect them, this way we as owners and riders can ensure that the horse doesn’t undergo unnecessary strain or stress.

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Equine jumping is an athletically demanding movement whereby the horse completely leaves the ground usually to navigate over an obstacle although in the wild, this can also be to evade predation. There are numerous considerations when attempting to jump a horse safely and correctly:

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• Age of the horse
• Level of training (horse and rider)
• Type of obstacle
• Surrounding environment
• Surface
• Light
• Fitness of the horse
• Foot health and shoeing
• Tack worn
• Ongoing health issues or injuries

The list could go on and on. Essentially, it is important to go into this discipline prepared and educated.

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Let us look at the equine jump in more detail. There are 5 phases to the equine jump, the approach, take off, flight, landing, and away. There is a substantial amount of effort from the horse to ascertain the height and depth of the jump and to judge its safety on the surface which can often lead to accidents if these are not suitable.

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The Approach:

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Preparation is key here. During this phase, the horse is judging its speed, power, and impulsion to clear the jump safely. Riders will need to consider the “line” which is the straightness and angle taken in approaching the jump. The line can, with training, become more angled and shorter for more advanced and challenging jumping courses. However, in the early stages, a straight and perpendicular approach to the obstacle allows the horse the best chance to plan and assess their movements. The pace in approach will most often be canter, trot can be used to approach the majority of the line in some training scenarios but the last pace to gather in preparation for take-off will usually be a canter stride. The pace should hold a good rhythm, and balance and have enough impulsion. The rider should not interfere with the pace in approach, changes to the pace should be prior to obtaining the final line to the jump. Some trainers and instructors will provide a place pole in front of the jump (usually one pace space away, sometimes multiples) to educate the horse in rhythm and consistency.

 

 

Take off:

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His phase is when the horse gets the right foot placement to leave the ground and engage the adequate force to clear the jump. The horse essentially jumps twice, once with the front limbs and once with the hind. As force is transferred into the thoracic sling muscles and the tensegrity structures of the forelimb (see our last article on tensegrity), the elastic potential of these tissues allows for some lift as the horse then flexes the joints to raise the front legs. The horse will raise their head carriage and focus their ears and eyes on the jump at this point too. Once the elastic “spring” of the front has elevated the forequarters of the horse, the hind limbs will step under into the space cleared by the front legs. The height of the jump and the effort required will dictate how much compression the joints need to undergo to store potential energy. The hind feet will be placed close or even parallel and great force is exerted from powerful muscles such as the quadricep group and gastrocnemius and soleus.

 

 

Flight:

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The flight of the jump is where the feet are all off the ground and the forward momentum generated carries the horse and rider over the obstacle. Over the higher jumps, the horse will create a crescent shape called a “bascule” as it travels over the fence. At this point the rider can still actually affect the horse’s way of going by very subtle weight and rein aids; however, at the fundamental level, the rider should remain fairly passive here. In preparation for flight, the rider will begin to compress their position at take-off and during the flight will fold their position to maintain their body weight over the horse’s center of gravity.

 

 

Landing:

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During the landing, the horse’s entire body weight and the rider’s weight are momentarily placed through the front limbs. This is where strain injuries can be developed (more on that later). With a high degree of flexion of the spine and lumbosacral junction, the hind legs follow under the horse’s body and continue to propel the horse forward transferring the forces into traveling motion. The ground and surface integrity is of great importance here to ensure that the horse does not slip or get stuck.

 

 

The Away:

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One the horse has landed, there is a significant amount of momentum that needs to be directed. The rider has some degree of control over the leading canter leg the horse picks on landing by using subtle rein and weight cues, but the away in training should be driven forward and straight from the obstacle to encourage maintenance of rhythm and impulsion. At this point, the horse and rider are able to regain balance and posture over the center of gravity. The rider will bring their position more upright again and the horse will engage their hindquarters to lift the forehand and drive forward. From a training perspective, the horse can benefit from some light but encouraging aids to keep moving forward and free of restriction.

 

 

 

Injuries:

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Damage and injury can be a risk in any equine discipline, however jumping obviously puts a high degree of force through the tissues and joints. It is very important to consider the growth stages of the horse when training younger jumpers.

 

 

By Siun Griffin, Veterinary Physiotherapist and LCAO Community Manager

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As our beloved canine companions age, they often face a host of health challenges, with chronic pain being a prevalent concern. From arthritis to degenerative joint disease, senior dogs can experience discomfort that affects their quality of life.

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While traditional veterinary treatments play a vital role in managing pain, holistic approaches like osteopathy offer additional avenues for relief and well-being.

Understanding Chronic Pain in Senior Dogs

Senior dogs are prone to a range of conditions that cause chronic pain, including osteoarthritis, hip dysplasia, intervertebral disc disease, and age-related degenerative changes in joints and tissues.

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These conditions can lead to stiffness, lameness, reduced mobility, and decreased enjoyment of everyday activities such as walking, playing, and climbing stairs. Managing chronic pain in senior dogs requires a multifaceted approach that addresses both the underlying pathology and the dog’s individual needs for comfort and well-being.

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The Role of Osteopathy in Pain Management

Osteopathy is a holistic healthcare approach that focuses on restoring balance and function to the musculoskeletal system. In senior dogs, osteopathy can complement traditional veterinary care by targeting areas of tension, restriction, and dysfunction in the body.

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Osteopathic techniques such as soft tissue manipulation, joint mobilization, and gentle stretching can help relieve muscle tension, improve joint mobility, and enhance circulation, thereby reducing pain and promoting healing.

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Benefits of Osteopathy for Senior Dogs

One of the key benefits of osteopathy for senior dogs is its gentle and non-invasive nature, making it well-suited for animals with age-related health concerns or mobility issues. Osteopathic treatments are tailored to the individual dog, taking into account their specific condition, age, and comfort level.

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By addressing musculoskeletal imbalances and promoting relaxation and circulation, osteopathy can help senior dogs experience relief from chronic pain, improve their range of motion, and enhance overall well-being.

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Integrating Osteopathy into Senior Dog Care

Integrating osteopathy into the care regimen for senior dogs involves working closely with a qualified and experienced animal osteopath or veterinarian who specializes in complementary therapies.

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Osteopathic treatments may be combined with other modalities such as acupuncture, physical therapy, and dietary supplements to create a comprehensive pain management plan. Regular sessions with an osteopath can help monitor the dog’s progress, adjust treatment as needed, and provide ongoing support for their comfort and mobility.

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Case Studies and Success Stories

To illustrate the effectiveness of osteopathy in managing chronic pain in senior dogs, consider sharing case studies or success stories of dogs who have benefited from osteopathic care. These could include stories of dogs with arthritis experiencing improved mobility and comfort, seniors regaining their zest for life after osteopathic treatments, or dogs finding relief from age-related stiffness and muscle tension through regular osteopathic sessions.

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Final Thoughts

As our canine companions age, providing them with comprehensive and compassionate care becomes increasingly important. Osteopathy offers a gentle and holistic approach to managing chronic pain in senior dogs, addressing the underlying musculoskeletal imbalances that contribute to discomfort and mobility issues. By integrating osteopathy into the care regimen for senior dogs, we can help them enjoy their golden years with greater comfort, vitality, and quality of life.

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