Category Archives: Equine & Canine Osteopathy

By Chris Bates, DO and Animal Therapist

 

Last time in Part One, I introduced you to a case of a horse with recurrent neck problems, and I discovered over my observations and assessments that the causative impact was from the rider/owner.

Of course, this is not an uncommon thing to discover when working with horses. When I worked as a riding instructor, I often saw riders who would explain to me that their horse was “badly behaved” or that they had had numerous therapists and vets out but could never isolate what was causing their horses to play up.

I firmly believe that however clear-headed and open-minded people can be, the human ego is far too strong for people to consider that they might be the problem.

Not to say that people are arrogantly assuming they are perfect, it is simply that they don’t see themselves mirrored in the horse’s physicality.

 

Osteopathy teaches us that form is a result of a combination of the material present and the afferent inputs upon it. Essentially, anything is a product of its make-up and environment interaction.

This dynamic interplay is ever changeable (luckily) and it shows us exactly what we need to see if we take the time to step back and observe. That really is the key word here, “Observe”. Step back and see and you have moved from where you were, where we only saw part of the whole.

The case I was covering in part 1 was clear if I “stepped back” and saw the whole picture. I had seen the horse ridden but only by the owner’s friend, not her herself.

If you have not yet read part one “It’s the Rider – Part 1”, I recommend you do so to fully appreciate this article.

 

It is not necessary to be a riding instructor to observe a rider’s impact on the horse. We can use our Osteopathic thinking to consider the forces such as gravity, tensegrity, and momentum and this will give us a good idea of what is happening.

Of course, it is essential to have a high degree of knowledge of anatomy and how the biomechanics of the horse function.

 

So, what was the rider in part 1 doing?

This particular rider was eager to enhance her flatwork (dressage) and did some light jumping. She used a general-purpose English saddle that was well-fitted.

One clue as to the way she rode was the worn line on the stirrup leathers; the friend I had seen ride had to shorten the stirrups two holes before she rode.

It is quite common for trainers and the advice of other riders to suggest riding longer in the stirrups for a “deep seat” and “better posture”. Unfortunately, many fail to consider the rider’s biomechanics and their level of competence when making these suggestions.

If a rider lacks the independent seat and balance that is required to ride with a longer leg position, they will make other adjustments when attempting to ride with a longer stirrup. These adjustments may give the rider a sense of control and stability (temporarily), however the connection to the horse becomes distorted.

 

The rider/owner in this case was falling into the trap of trying to run before she could walk. When the rider lacks the ability to connect through the seat effectively, they are actually better off easing themselves into the process by using the support available to them, in this case – slightly shorter stirrups.

Now I’m not suggesting that riders should become dependent upon stirrups and devices to maintain stability; consider a child learning to ride a bike and using stabilizers (training wheels). The experience gained through gradually lengthening stirrups over time allows the rider to develop better balance and proprioception without overburdening the horse.

 

This rider in particular had gone into what I used to call the “water ski” position. Because the stirrups were too long and the style of the saddle allowed for the leg to swing forward (to accommodate jumping seats), she had stretched her legs forward to seek the stirrups and therefore security.

We know in Osteopathy that one thing has to affect the other and of course, this does! In response to her forward leg position, the rider’s pelvis was tucked under too far causing her to straighten and brace her back, this conversely leads to the horse sensing more pressure in movement due to her lack of shock absorption.

The rider had to counter the forward leg by leaning backward behind the vertical and so distributing her center of gravity over the horse’s lower spine (lower thoracic and lumbar regions).

The horse can carry the rider’s weight quite well and without too much compensation when they are sat over the horse’s center of gravity. This is due to the balance being better and the intrinsic stability of the horse’s thoracic region and ribs, large areas of firm connectivity create a strong structure here.

 

The horse’s centre of gravity (COG) in natural (un-ridden) locomotion is located just caudal (behind) the heart and roughly mid-way between the dorsal and ventral lines. This obviously changes slightly when we mount up and changes again when horses develop to high levels of riding or different disciplines.

Our rider was sitting their weight way behind the COG and so the horse’s threats to the rear were completely understandable as that’s where the weight was going. This is a very common fault in riders and almost always leads to the horse hollowing their back.

The hyper-extended neck of this particular horse would certainly have been connected to the overall hollowing. However, there is another aspect to consider, the reins.

When this rider was in the “water ski” position as described earlier, the arms would be drawn back with her. This led to her having long reins yet braced and tense. The effect of the rein aid always being “on” meant that the horse was getting mixed signals when asked to move forward.

This is a little like driving the car with the hand brake on. The overuse of contact through the reins in any riding position will lead to altered ways of going in the horse.

The contact is meant to be offered in front of the horse and the energy of movement is pushed into the rein, unfortunately, many riders will bring the contact back to the horse reversing this principle. This can cause jaw tension (TMJ), hollowed back, shortened strides, lack of engagement, and of course, behavioral “issues”.

This particular horse was adding some rotation to his neck to evade the contact being applied. This way he could take hold of the rein and essentially nullify its impact to a degree.

This tilting/rotation is often seen and should be considered as a sign of pain, poor riding, tack fit issues, or even dental problems.

Osteopathically, it was clear to me that this rotation reduced his ability to bend laterally (Fryette’s laws of spinal motion). This coupled movement was what was likely creating the lesion that was recurring time and time again.

So where are they now? Well, the rider took my advice to have some training with the professional I had recommended. This trainer was actually very professional in that she worked with the owner’s current trainer to discuss a plan forward rather than just replace her.

This is obviously a great learning opportunity for the previous trainer and she took this very well. The rider has been attending Pilates classes focused on rider position and has made leaps forward in her riding abilities.

And the horse? He is now moving well, getting stronger and even winning at local dressage competitions. His shape has changed to one much more conducive to ridden work and a healthy spine.

 

The take-home…

It is very important for any practitioner to understand their limitations. Although I am a qualified trainer and riding instructor, I felt my place was better served as the therapist. Referring to another professional is not a case of losing work, in fact, it’s quite the opposite.

By making the right referrals and creating a network with other professionals, you can become a real hub of knowledge for your patients. Pointing people in the right direction for their animals is often what we as therapists of all kinds do.

The skills and abilities acquired through a course like the LCAO Diploma serve just as much to tell you when not to intervene as when to do so.

Most importantly, our courses give you the philosophical understanding and technical knowledge to see way beyond just the bit where symptoms show. If you treat a cat’s tail, the noise will come out of the mouth, but the mouth isn’t the problem!

My advice? Step back and see more, be open to referrals to other people, ask opinions, and be a detective. It can be so simple when we have much more information, such a huge part of Osteopathy is the examinations, assessment, and development of a hypothesis.

As Andrew Taylor Still himself said, “Keep digging”…

 

For more information on how you can become an Equine Osteopath, click here

Healing Horse Tendon Injuries: Working as a Team, Vet, Phyio, and Osteopath

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By Siun Griffin, Veterinary Physiotherapist and LCAO Community Manager

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Horse tendon injuries can be a significant cause of concern for horse owners and trainers alike, as these injuries can lead to decreased performance, prolonged rest periods, and sometimes even retirement.

Tendons are crucial components of the equine musculoskeletal system, responsible for transmitting the force generated by the muscles to the bones and enabling movement.

When a tendon injury occurs, prompt and effective treatment is essential to ensure a successful recovery. Here, we will explore common veterinary approaches to healing horse tendon injuries, including traditional methods and emerging techniques.

Additionally, we will delve into the role of equine physiotherapists and osteopaths in developing comprehensive rehabilitation plans for these injuries.

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Common Veterinary Approaches to Healing Tendon Injuries

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Traditionally, horse tendon injuries have been managed using a combination of rest, controlled exercise, anti-inflammatory medications, and sometimes, surgical intervention.

Rest is a fundamental aspect of tendon healing, as it allows the injured tissue to undergo a controlled remodeling process. Controlled exercise, often in the form of hand-walking or controlled turnout, is gradually introduced to stimulate collagen alignment and strengthen the healing tendon.

 

New Techniques in Tendon Injury Rehabilitation

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Recent advancements in veterinary medicine have led to the development of innovative techniques to enhance tendon healing. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and stem cell therapies are gaining popularity.

PRP involves drawing the horse’s blood, processing it to concentrate platelets, growth factors, and anti-inflammatory molecules, and injecting the resulting PRP solution directly into the injured tendon.

Stem cell therapy, on the other hand, uses the horse’s own stem cells to promote tissue repair and reduce inflammation.

Additionally, extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is being used to stimulate blood flow and cell activity in injured tendons. This non-invasive procedure involves applying high-energy shockwaves to the affected area, which can accelerate healing and enhance tissue regeneration.

 

The Role of Equine Physiotherapists in Rehabilitation

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Equine physiotherapists play a crucial role in the rehabilitation process after a tendon injury. They work closely with veterinarians and horse owners to design tailored exercise programs that aid in promoting healing, improving range of motion, and preventing muscle atrophy.

Physiotherapists may utilize techniques such as passive stretches, active exercises, and hydrotherapy to gradually reintroduce the horse to controlled movement.

Equine physiotherapists also employ modalities like therapeutic ultrasound and low-level laser therapy to enhance blood circulation, reduce inflammation, and accelerate tissue repair.

These professionals closely monitor the horse’s progress, adjusting the rehabilitation plan as needed to ensure a safe and effective recovery.

 

Equine Osteopathy in Tendon Injury Rehabilitation

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Equine osteopathy is another valuable component of the rehabilitation process for tendon injuries. Osteopaths specialize in manipulating the musculoskeletal system to promote overall health and healing.

In the context of tendon injuries, equine osteopaths focus on restoring proper biomechanics, alleviating tension, and facilitating tissue recovery.

Techniques used by equine osteopaths may include myofascial release, joint mobilization, and soft tissue manipulation.

These methods aim to enhance tissue flexibility, reduce adhesions, and optimize biomechanical function, ultimately supporting the healing process of the injured tendon.

 

Final Thoughts

Horse tendon injuries remain a significant concern for the equine industry, but advancements in veterinary medicine and rehabilitation techniques offer promising avenues for improved outcomes.

From traditional approaches to cutting-edge therapies, the healing process for tendon injuries has evolved to encompass a holistic and multidisciplinary approach.

Equine physiotherapists and osteopaths play vital roles in developing comprehensive rehabilitation plans, tailored to the individual horse’s needs.

By leveraging the expertise of veterinarians, physiotherapists, and osteopaths, horse owners and trainers can provide their equine athletes with the best possible chance of a successful recovery and a return to optimal performance.

‍For more information on how you can become an Equine Osteopath, click here

By Chris Bates, DO and Animal Therapist

Quite often in equine therapy, we can find ourselves looking way beyond the biological limits of the horse (i.e., the horse’s physical body) and seeking answers to our questions in the external impacts upon them. It is par for the course to assess the horse’s living situation, feeding regime, and exercise, but what if the horse is ridden?

While some horses that we visit will be retired, too young to ride, or maybe even carriage-driving horses, a large number of clientele are likely to be regularly ridden horses.

Clearly, it is important to only work within your scope of practice and the LCAO Diplomas do not cover the treatment of humans; however, it can pay dividends to investigate the rider’s disciplines, style, training level, and effectiveness in the saddle.

My advice to LCAO students and graduates would be to work closely with their trainer/coach and perhaps ask if you can watch during one of their lessons. You could even ask to observe them riding as part of your assessment but be sure not to offer riding advice or tuition unless you are qualified and insured to do so and only with consent and understanding from the rider.

Knowing a little more about the rider’s impact on the horse can really help to inform your Osteopathic hypothesis with regards to the horse. The following is an account of my work with one particular horse and rider with whom I discovered that treatment can start with a well-placed referral.

The case of the recurring neck issues

It was a hot summer that year. I had been extremely busy with various horses trying to keep them fit and well during a full-on competition season. I don’t think my phone stopped ringing from early in the morning until the evening but I was glad to be helping so many lovely horses.

One horse however would play on my mind even after my work week was done. This particular horse was continually exhibiting the same issues returning time and time again. He was an 11-year-old TB X gelding with a great temperament, I had a real soft spot for him as he was always very obvious in his appreciation of my work.

At the beginning of my work with him, I had asked for the vet to visit prior to my assessment as was the requirement in the UK at the time. The vet couldn’t find anything that he could address and suggested speaking with me and her trainer.

When I first visited, the owner told me that he was very “upside down” under saddle and that when asking for a right lateral bend, he would stutter suddenly to a halt and threaten to rear up.

Now I am lucky in that I am also a qualified Osteopath for humans and a riding instructor so I do often ask to see clients riding if the complaint is riding-related. However, on this occasion, the owner was also injured so asked her friend to ride for me to observe.

I did indeed notice that the horse was underdeveloped in his topline and under saddle, he would hollow very easily. Right bend was an obvious issue for him but not showing much pain behavior.

 

I have noticed both in humans and horses that pain is not always the thing that the patient notices most, sometimes it’s lack of ability or lack of strength.

It wouldn’t be uncommon for a human patient who runs a lot to come in and mention in their presenting complaint that they just can’t manage the same distances and times they used to when running.

So, let us transfer this to the horse in this case. Perhaps the lack of pain behaviors and signs could indicate that his “way of going” and tendency to stop and rear were actually based on frustration at lack of ability.

Imagine going to the gym and having a personal training session; now, the trainer starts you off with a great warm-up and everything is going well. You are enjoying your session and feel positive with the trainer’s encouragement.

Suddenly, the trainer asks you to move to the bench press and sets up a huge weight on the bar! You think “Surely not!? I can’t possibly do that…”. But low and behold your trainer asks you to bench press 2 sets of 8.

You manage a few good presses but then your body just won’t cooperate and your stamina is clearly not sufficient for this level of intensity yet…. “YET” (very important word – health and fitness are dynamic).

What would you do? Your trainer is continuing to suggest you lift it. Do you keep going until you get an injury? That would be foolish and let’s remember horses are NOT foolish.

You protest and stop! Now, how might a horse protest? They can’t speak as such, so they use non-verbal communication in as clear a way as possible.

The horse I was seeing was showing non-verbal communication to indicate that he was simply incapable of holding the frame the rider was asking for and he was also unable to sustain a bend.

It is certainly not likely for a horse to bend laterally in a comfortable and sustainable way if they cannot work over their topline and engage their trunk, thoracic sling, and hindquarters. At LCAO, our courses cover behavior and certainly teach how pain is displayed.

So, if we don’t see obvious pain but the disruptive behaviors persist, we must consider if the horse is actually physically and mentally fit to undertake the activity. I found this a very interesting opportunity to start a referral.

Of course, I continued to assess and indeed treat the horse. I found that the horse was presenting with cervical spine restriction and pain sensitivity with a reduced range of motion in the right side bend.

This issue was focused on the C3-4 and C4-5 motion segments. If you want to learn about lesion types and how they are present then LCAO Diplomas have great detail on this and Professor McGregor has a great lecture on this Osteopathic principle.

This lesion was certainly exacerbated if not caused by a repeated hyperextension but I also considered that the type of lesion was impacted by rotation (the horse’s way of trying to negotiate movement and sustain posture under the demand), this is informed by Fryette’s principles of spinal motion (also taught at LCAO).

Two other therapists (one Physiotherapist and one Chiropractor) had also found this lesion in their assessments, or at least they identified a neck complaint.

The issue had continued to occur and the poor owner had spent a considerable sum of money for practitioners to come back time and time again to treat this it.

The problem was that these other practitioners had seen the behaviors as symptoms of the neck issue; I needed to see it the other way around.

The behaviors were causing the neck issue, or put it more Osteopathically “The behaviors WERE the neck issue”.  This is where Osteopaths try to see the whole, the bigger picture, and how the form is a result of forces, structure, and function are reciprocally interrelated.

Now, I would certainly not say to an owner to stop using a certain trainer but I did suggest consulting a different trainer with whom I had worked before on a similar case.

This trainer was very good at seeing weaknesses in locomotion and had an excellent understanding of equine psychology and behaviors. The owner agreed and the new trainer helped her to instill a regime of strengthening and stamina work incorporating mobility and stretching.

Within only a month, the horse had completely stopped the worrying behaviors and the owner was over the moon. I returned for a follow-up treatment and all that remained of the previous issue was minor fibrous tissue that had developed to maintain the lesion’s integrity.

I used soft tissue techniques to assist in the remodeling of this region and educated the owner in some self-management. Horse = Happy, Rider = Happy… Me? = Very Happy.

So, everything turned out great, right? Well… I wouldn’t be very holistic if I didn’t ask myself “Why was the horse not developing the strength and correct locomotion under saddle?” would I?

The horse’s nutrition was certainly adequate and well monitored, he had a good manner and temperament. There was no veterinary diagnosis of a systemic condition that would explain weakness or myopathy.

So, what were the onset and the causative factors? Then I remembered when I watched the horse being ridden, I saw the owner’s friend ride and not the owner. It struck me! “It’s so obvious now! It’s the rider!”.

In the next part of this series “It’s the Rider”, we will explore how this particular rider had been the reason for the horse’s ridden frame, locomotion, and subsequent weaknesses. Look out for part two coming soon.

 

For more information on how you can become an Equine Osteopath, click here 

By Siun Griffin, Veterinary Physiotherapist and LCAO Community Manager 

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Tendons and ligaments are vital components of a horse’s musculoskeletal system, playing crucial roles in supporting and stabilizing their limbs during movement.

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However, they are susceptible to injuries that can be severe and difficult to treat. As responsible horse owners, it is essential to understand what tendons and ligaments are, recognize signs of injury, and implement preventive measures to ensure the well-being and performance of our equine companions.

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What are Tendons and Ligaments?

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1. Tendons

Tendons are tough, fibrous connective tissues that attach muscles to bones. They transmit the force generated by muscles to the bones, enabling movement and providing stability to the joints.

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2. Ligaments

Ligaments are similar to tendons but differ in their function. They connect bones to other bones and are essential for stabilizing joints, limiting excessive movement, and preventing injuries during strenuous activities.

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Signs of Tendon or Ligament Injuries

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• Lameness: A horse with a tendon or ligament injury may exhibit lameness, which can vary in severity depending on the extent of the injury.

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• Swelling: Swelling around the affected area is a common sign of an injury. It may be localized or diffuse, depending on the severity and location of the damage.

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• Heat and Pain: Injured tendons or ligaments can cause heat and pain, which can be detected through palpation.

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• Reluctance to Bear Weight: Horses with tendon or ligament injuries may be reluctant to put weight on the affected limb, particularly when turning or on uneven surfaces.

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• Changes in Gait: A horse with an injury may show alterations in its gait, such as shortened strides or uneven movement.

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• Decreased Performance: Tendon and ligament injuries can lead to reduced performance levels, making it difficult for the horse to perform its usual activities.

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• Reluctance to work: Sometimes tension and ligament injuries have much more subtle signs. Some horses might show what would be considered behavioral problems under saddle, but not show some of the signs listed above.

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Preventing Tendon and Ligament Injuries in Horses

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1. Proper Warm-Up and Cool-Down

Always begin any exercise session with a proper warm-up routine and conclude with a gradual cool-down to prepare the tendons and ligaments for work and reduce the risk of injury.

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2. Regular Exercise

Consistent, appropriate exercise helps strengthen the tendons and ligaments, making them more resilient to injury.

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3. Balanced Nutrition

Provide a well-balanced diet with essential nutrients like proteins, vitamins, and minerals to support overall musculoskeletal health.

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4. Correct Footing

Ensure that the footing in training and exercise areas is suitable for the horse’s activity level, as inappropriate footing can stress tendons and ligaments.

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5. Proper Hoof Care

Regular hoof trimming and shoeing by a skilled farrier can aid in maintaining proper limb alignment, reducing the risk of injuries. Poor hoof balance puts more stress on the limbs and body.

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6. Gradual Conditioning

Avoid sudden increases in workload, as this can strain the tendons and ligaments. Gradually increase exercise intensity and duration to allow the body to adapt. Doing too much too soon can increase the risk of injury.

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7. Regular Veterinary Checkups

Schedule regular checkups with a qualified equine veterinarian to detect and address any potential issues before they escalate.

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8. Quality Tack and Equipment

Ensure that saddles, bridles, and other tack fit properly to minimize pressure on the horse’s limbs during exercise.

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9. Cross-Training

Engage in a variety of activities to avoid repetitive stress on specific tendons and ligaments, promoting overall strength and flexibility.

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10. Weight Management

We all want our horses to hold a nice condition but being too fat will add more strain on the tendons, ligaments, and joints which can lead to several issues, not just increase the risk of tendon injury.

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11. Limb Protection

It is a good idea to always use front tendon boots on a horse when it is doing work. Of course, there are some exceptions, such as long trail rides where the boots might not be suitable and no fast work is being done.

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Boots reduce the risk of strike injuries to the vulnerable lower limb. Try to use boots that offer some ventilation and always remove them immediately after exercise as they create heat in the tendons.

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Choose boots carefully to ensure you are using ones that offer less heat build-up and avoid working a horse with bandages.

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It is also a good idea to use overreach boots when lunging as doing fast work on a circle increases the likelihood of overreach injuries.

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12. Cool the Limbs

Studies have shown that as temperature increases in the limb’s tendons and ligaments with exercise so does the risk of injury. This is why it is important to remove boots immediately.

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Cooling the legs with cold water or ice after exercise will help bring temperatures down more quickly and reduce injury risk.

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Final Thoughts

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Preventing tendon and ligament injuries in horses is crucial for maintaining their well-being and performance.

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Understanding the signs of injuries and implementing preventive measures, such as proper warm-up, balanced nutrition, and regular exercise, will go a long way in ensuring your horse’s health and longevity.

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Always consult with equine experts and veterinarians for personalized advice and guidance in caring for your horse’s musculoskeletal system.

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The Importance of Saddle Fit for Horses: Ensuring Comfort and Performance

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By Siun Griffin, Equine Physiotherapist and LCAO Community Manager 

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A well-fitting saddle is crucial for the overall well-being, comfort, and performance of horses. It plays a pivotal role in maintaining the horse’s physical and mental health.

Here, we will delve into why saddle fit is so important, provide basic checks horse owners can perform, discuss factors affecting saddle fit, and highlight the positive and negative effects of a well-fitting and poorly fitting saddle on the horse’s body, movement, and behavior.

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Why Saddle Fit Matters

A properly fitting saddle allows the horse to move freely, without restrictions or discomfort. It distributes the rider’s weight evenly across the horse’s back, minimizing pressure points and avoiding potential injuries. A well-fitting saddle also enhances communication between horse and rider, promoting trust and cooperation.

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Basic Saddle Fit Checks

Horse owners can perform a few simple checks to evaluate saddle fit.

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1. Wither Clearance

Adequate wither clearance is crucial to prevent pressure on the sensitive withers. To check, run your hand under the pommel of the saddle while it is on the horse’s back. There should be enough space to comfortably slide a few fingers (about 3) between the withers and the saddle. Insufficient clearance can lead to discomfort and restricted shoulder movement.

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2. Length of the Saddle

The saddle’s length should match the horse’s back appropriately. To assess this, place the saddle on the horse without a pad and ensure that the saddle panels are in contact with the back along their entire length. Check that the cantle (rear part of the saddle) does not extend beyond the horse’s last rib.

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3. Balance and Stability

When the saddle is correctly placed, it should sit evenly and securely on the horse’s back. It should not rock or tilt forward or backward. Observe the saddle from various angles to ensure it maintains stability during movement. A balanced saddle contributes to the horse’s overall comfort and helps the rider maintain proper position and balance.

4. Gullet Clearance

The saddle’s gullet, located underneath the pommel, should provide sufficient clearance for the horse’s spine. Press gently along the gullet while the saddle is on the horse’s back to confirm that it is not touching or exerting pressure on the spine. Proper gullet clearance is vital to prevent discomfort and potential back problems.

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5. Panel Contact

The saddle’s panels, which rest on the horse’s back, should have even contact and distribute the rider’s weight uniformly. Look for consistent panel contact without any noticeable gaps or pressure points.

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Remember, these basic checks provide a starting point for assessing saddle fit. While they can give you a good idea of if a saddle will be suitable, it is best to get a professional fitter to evaluate as well.

A professional saddle fitter or an experienced equestrian can assess the saddle fit with expertise and take into account the unique characteristics of both horse and rider.

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A horse will change shape over the year, which can affect the saddle fit. By conducting regular saddle fit checks and ensuring the saddle meets the horse’s requirements, we can contribute to the horse’s well-being, comfort, and overall performance.

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Factors Affecting Saddle Fit

Several factors influence saddle fit. The horse’s conformation, age, and musculature can all impact the suitability of a saddle.

The rider’s weight, riding discipline, and personal preferences also play a role. Furthermore, the type of saddle, such as dressage, jumping, or western, must be appropriate for the intended use.

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Positive Effects of a Well-Fitting Saddle

A well-fitting saddle offers numerous benefits to the horse. Firstly, it enables unrestricted movement, allowing the horse to engage its back, shoulder, and hindquarters effectively.

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This contributes to improved balance, suppleness, and overall athleticism. Secondly, a comfortable saddle prevents discomfort, pain, and the development of sore spots, ultimately preserving the horse’s physical well-being and performance capabilities.

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Lastly, a well-fitted saddle promotes relaxation and positive behavior, leading to a harmonious partnership between horse and rider.

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Negative Effects of a Poorly Fitting Saddle

Using an ill-fitting saddle can have severe consequences for the horse. It can lead to discomfort, pain, and even long-term physical damage.

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Pressure points caused by an improperly fitted saddle can result in muscle atrophy, bruising, and soreness. Over time, this may lead to behavioral issues such as resistance, unwillingness to work, and even aggression.

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Poor saddle fit can also cause gait abnormalities, stiffness, and reduced performance potential.

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Final Thoughts

Investing time and effort into ensuring proper saddle fit is essential for every responsible horse owner.

By performing regular saddle fit checks, seeking professional guidance when necessary, and choosing saddles that suit the horse’s conformation and riding discipline, we can safeguard our equine partners’ well-being, comfort, and performance.

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A well-fitting saddle allows horses to move freely, helps prevent injuries, and nurtures a positive relationship between horse and rider. Let us prioritize the welfare of our horses by recognizing the significance of saddle fit in their lives.

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Saddles are expensive. However, it is best not to buy cheaper models new or used. This will cost you more in the long run and physically and mentally damage your horse. It is always better to look for a quality brand. When well maintained a quality saddle will last you years.

(Note: This article is for informational purposes only. For detailed advice on saddle fit, please consult a professional saddle fitter or an experienced equestrian.)

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For more information on how you can become an Equine Osteopath, click here

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By Siun Griffin, Equine Physiotherapist and LCAO Community Manager

Laminitis is a painful condition that affects the hooves of horses and requires prompt recognition and intervention to minimize its impact. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of laminitis is crucial for early detection and appropriate management.

The following information outlines common signs indicative of laminitis in horses.

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1. Lameness and Reluctance to Move

 

Laminitis often presents as lameness, with affected horses showing a reluctance to move or walk.

The lameness may initially be mild but can progress rapidly, leading to severe pain and an unwillingness to bear weight on the affected hooves.

Horses with laminitis may adopt a characteristic “rocking horse” stance, shifting their weight frequently between the front and hind limbs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. Heat and Increased Digital Pulse

Heat in the hooves and an increased digital pulse are common indicators of laminitis. By gently feeling the affected hooves, a veterinarian or experienced horse owner may detect an abnormally warm temperature.

Additionally, an elevated digital pulse can be felt in the digital arteries located at the back of the fetlock. This increased pulse indicates inflammation and increased blood flow to the hoof.

 

 

3. Shifting Weight and Lameness Response

Horses with laminitis may shift their weight frequently from one limb to another in an attempt to alleviate pain. This weight-shifting behavior is often observed when the horse is at rest, and it may be more pronounced when standing on hard surfaces or when turning in tight circles. Affected horses may also exhibit a strong lameness response when their hooves are tapped or pressured.

 

 

4. Hoof Pain and Sensitivity

Hoof pain and sensitivity are key signs of laminitis. Affected horses may exhibit a strong reaction when pressure is applied to the affected hooves, such as during hoof testing or when walking on hard or uneven surfaces. The pain is often more pronounced in the toe region of the hoof, and horses may show signs of discomfort during hoof trimming or shoeing procedures.

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5. Altered Hoof Appearance

Changes in hoof appearance can also indicate the presence of laminitis. In acute cases, visible swelling and an increased digital pulse may be evident.

As the condition progresses, the hoof wall may separate from the underlying structures, leading to a “seedy toe” appearance. Rotation or sinking of the coffin bone within the hoof capsule can result in a characteristic change in the hoof’s shape and angle.

It is important to note that the severity and presentation of laminitis can vary among individual horses, and some signs may be more subtle or less apparent in certain cases.

Therefore, any suspicion of laminitis should be promptly addressed by a veterinarian for a thorough examination and appropriate diagnostic measures.

 

 

 

Conclusion

Early recognition of the signs of laminitis is crucial for effective management and minimizing the potential long-term consequences for affected horses.

Lameness, heat in the hooves, increased digital pulse, weight shifting, hoof pain, sensitivity, and altered hoof appearance are common indicators of the condition. Prompt veterinary attention and tailored treatment protocols are essential for optimizing the outcome and welfare of horses affected by laminitis.

Reference: For detailed information about the images here and more images visit PennVet Laminitis Laboratory Gallery.

Click here to find out how you can become an equine osteopath.

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By Siun Griffin, Equine Physiotherapist and LCAO Community Manager 

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Spring has sprung and so has the increased risk of laminitis in horses. While laminitis can occur at any time, spring grass in particular commonly triggers this horrible condition.

Laminitis is a debilitating condition that affects the hooves of horses, causing severe pain and lameness. It is a complex and multifactorial disease that can have devastating consequences if not properly managed.

Here we hope to provide a detailed overview of laminitis, what it is, the pathological changes occurring in the hoof, and the relationship between grass consumption and laminitis development.

 

Laminitis: A Brief Overview

Laminitis, also known as founder, is an inflammatory condition affecting the laminae of the horse’s hoof. The laminae are delicate structures that connect the hoof wall to the underlying structures, such as the coffin bone.

In laminitis, inflammation disrupts the normal blood flow to the laminae, leading to the separation and weakening of the bond between the hoof wall and the coffin bone. This, in turn, causes severe pain, lameness, and potential rotation or sinking of the coffin bone within the hoof capsule.

 

Pathological Changes in the Hoof During Laminitis

During the development of laminitis, there are several pathological changes that occur within the hoof. Firstly, the inflammatory process triggers the release of various enzymes, which break down the structural proteins holding the laminae together. This enzymatic activity weakens the laminae and disrupts its connection to the coffin bone.

Additionally, inflammation causes increased blood flow to the hoof, resulting in excessive fluid accumulation within the laminae and the hoof capsule. This leads to swelling and compression of sensitive structures, intensifying the pain experienced by the horse.

 

Grass and Laminitis Triggers

Grass consumption has been identified as a significant trigger for laminitis in horses, especially in those prone to the condition.

The high sugar and carbohydrate content in certain types of grasses, particularly during periods of rapid growth, can lead to an overload of sugars in the horse’s digestive system. This, in turn, can disrupt the delicate microbial balance within the gut, leading to the production of endotoxins that trigger laminitis.

 

The Grass Cycle and Impact on Laminitis

Understanding the grass cycle and its impact on laminitis is crucial for managing horses at risk. Grass undergoes diurnal changes in sugar content, with the highest levels usually occurring in the early morning and late afternoon. The lowest sugar levels are typically found during the middle of the day and overnight.

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For laminitis-prone horses, it is recommended to limit grazing during peak sugar periods, such as early morning and late afternoon. Instead, providing controlled access to pasture during periods of lower sugar content, such as midday and overnight, can help minimize the risk of laminitis development.

 

‍Conclusion

Laminitis is a serious condition that can cause significant pain and lameness in horses. Understanding the pathological changes that occur in the hoof during laminitis is crucial for effective management.

Grass consumption, particularly during periods of high sugar content, has been identified as a common trigger for laminitis. By considering the grass cycle and providing controlled access to pasture, horse owners and caretakers can take proactive measures to reduce the risk of laminitis in susceptible horses.

It is important to consult with a veterinarian for a comprehensive evaluation and tailored management plan for individual horses at risk of laminitis. By combining veterinary guidance with appropriate management strategies, the welfare of horses can be safeguarded, reducing the occurrence and impact of this debilitating condition.

For more information on identifying laminitis check out Signs of Laminitis 

Note: It is always recommended to consult a qualified veterinarian for specific advice and guidance regarding laminitis and individual horse care.

‍For more information on the International Diploma in Equine Osteopathy (Int’l DipEO) program offered at London College of Animal Osteopathy (LCAO), click here

Pole Work For Equine Rehab: Part 1

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By Siun Griffin, Equine Physiotherapist and LCAO Community Manager

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For horses that need rehab, strengthening of the thoracic slightly, and proprioception improvement, pole work is one of the best exercises you can combine with treatment from an equine osteopath.

Pole work can help strengthen the muscles, and improve posture. The ideal way to start this is when working the horse in hand, preferably by long reining them. Long reining helps ensure the horse stays at a nice rhythmic walking pace and helps with straightness.

After several weeks of this and when your horse is ready, you can proceed to ridden pole work. How long you do this will depend on your horse’s condition and progress.

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Here are the main benefits of pole work:

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1. Muscle strengthening

Pole work exercises help to build strength in the horse’s hindquarters, particularly the gluteal, quadriceps, and hamstring muscles. The forelimbs also benefit from the exercises as the shoulder and triceps muscles are activated to lift the legs higher over the poles.

And of course, the thoracic sling is engaged, improving topline and abdominal muscles.

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2. Improves posture

Pole work exercises encourage a horse to engage its core muscles, by lowering its neck and lifting its back. This helps to improve their posture. This, in turn, helps to prevent injuries and improve the horse’s overall movement.

This combined with improved muscle strength will help the horse carry a rider better and reduce compensations occurring.

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3. Proprioception

Proprioception is the horse’s ability to sense the position and movement of its limbs. Pole work exercises help to improve this ability as horses must accurately place their feet over the poles, which requires coordination and balance.

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How To Start Pole Work Rehab

One thing to keep in mind is that going faster to achieve results isn’t necessary when long-reining. Doing in-hand work in this way works very well using a nice forward walk. Focus on keeping a steady rhythm, straightness, and correct bending around corners.

It can be a slow process, but over a few weeks, you will start to see improvements in the horse’s muscle, posture, and stride.

Many horses tend to enjoy this work. It keeps them interested without putting too much pressure on them. There are also endless pole configurations and patterns that you can do.

When first starting out, it is best to work over single poles. You can then make things more complex as the horse gets used to long reining and makes physical improvements.

In part 2, we will include some pole exercises that you can try.

 

For more information on how you can become an Equine Osteopath, click here

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The Main Anatomy Of The Horse’s Back You Need To Know

By Siun Griffin, Equine Physiotherapist and LCAO Community Manager

The anatomy and biomechanics of the horse’s back are essential for understanding how the horse moves and performs.

Having knowledge of the horse’s back structure is invaluable for horse owners and therapists alike. Ensuring that the back is kept in good condition with correct work, saddle fit, osteopathy, and vet care will help enable the horse to perform to its best whatever that task.

With this in mind, it is important to look at the whole horse as the back can affect other parts of the horse.

The back of the horse is a complex structure consisting of bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments that work together to provide strength, stability, and flexibility.

Let’s take a closer look at its individual parts.

 

Lumbar Spine

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The lumbar spine consists of six vertebrae that are behind the thoracic vertebrae and have no rib attachments. It starts after the last rib and 18th thoracic vertebrae. Several muscle groups and ligaments attach to the lumbar vertebrae.

 

It has large transverse processes, and wide, flat vertebrae. This gives the lumbar area limited mobility. These connect to the much more mobile lumbosacral joint that provides hind-end propulsion. However, its latero-flexion mobility is limited.

The muscles that support the lumbar spine include the longissimus dorsi, iliocostalis, and psoas muscles.

The ligaments of the lumbar spine include the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments, which provide support and stability to the spine.

This tends to be a weaker area of the spine as it does not have the support of the ribs. This is one area where saddle fit is important as it should never sit on the lumbar spine.

 

 

Sacral Vertebrae

 

After the lumbosacral joint, you have the sacral vertebrae which slope slightly towards the tail. This section of the spine has fused vertebrae and doesn’t flex at all. It acts as one bone. Here, major ligaments and muscles attach from the pelvis and this section helps to support the hindlegs.

After the sacral vertebrae, the last section of the spine is in the tail. Horses can have 15 to 25 of these small vertebrae in their tail, with an average of 18.

 

 

 

 

Thoracic Spine

 

The thoracic spine of the horse consists of 18 vertebrae (T1 – T18). The withers are part of the thoracic spine and are the largest spinous processes. It has limited mobility and is supported by large muscles, ligaments, and ribs.

The muscles that support the thoracic spine include the longissimus dorsi, multifidus, and serratus ventralis muscles.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Main Muscles of the Back

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The main muscles of the horse’s back which span across multiple sections of the spine include the longissimus dorsi, multifidus, serratus ventralis, iliocostalis, spinalis thoracis, and trapezius.

 

 

Longissimus dorsi

 

The longissimus dorsi muscle supports the lumbar spine and runs from the sacrum to the withers. It can act to extend and laterally flex the spine and is the largest muscle of the horse’s back.

The longissimus muscles are the easiest to use to see and feel as they are found on the surface. Horses often get sore, develop spasms, and get fatigued in these muscles as they do so much to support the horse.

 

 

 

 

 

Multifidus muscle

 

The multifidus muscle runs along the spine and provides support and stability to the vertebrae. This is a deeper muscle and divides into segments that support only a few vertebrae each.

It is important that the multifidus functions correctly and is strong, otherwise too much pressure is put on the longissimus to provide support. When that happens, you get the issues mentioned above in the longissimus.

 

 

 

 

 

Serratus ventralis

 

The serratus ventralis muscle is located on the sides of the spine and provides support and stability to the rib cage. It is a large, important muscle that supports the chest and breathing.

The dorsal section of this muscle sits close to the spine. The cranial part of the dorsal section is found behind the scapula and over the first few ribs. It sits under the latissimus dorsi, except for the lowest part, which is just under the skin. (The area where the rider’s leg sits).

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Both the thoracic and cervical sections of the serratus play a major role in leg and shoulder movement. It is important for the health of the back as poor saddle fit can affect it, thus having a knock-on effect on the entire back.

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Trapezius

 

The trapezius has two sections, cervical and thoracic. The thoracic is a triangular shape that sits over the withers and attaches to the scapula. It is not a weight-bearing muscle, but the saddle does sit on the caudal portion. Poor-fitting saddles can cause a lot of damage to the trapezius if they put excess pressure on it.

Its main job is to move the shoulder blade.

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Iliocostalis muscle

 

The iliocostalis muscles are located on the sides of the spine and provide support and stability to the back. It is divided into segments that run from the lumbar spine to the third rib.

When these muscles contract on both sides, they help extend the spine. When one side contracts, you get lateral bending.

On many horses, it is possible to palpate these muscles.

 

 

 

 

 

Spinalis dorsi muscle

 

The spinalis dorsi muscle is a deep muscle. It is responsible for supporting the vertebrae and movement of the neck. It runs from the lumbar to the cervical spine.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

It plays an important role in stabilizing the cervico-thoracic junction. It is underneath the trapezius and often doesn’t get much attention or thought.

Poor saddle fit can cause quite a bit of damage to this muscle. So it is important not to forget about it.

 

 

 

Iliopsoas muscles

 

While not a main back muscle of the horse, this muscle group does help stabilize the spine as well as protract the hind limbs and helps with hip flexion. They are deep muscles, making them hard to treat and identify as the source of pain. They are vulnerable to strain. An effective technique for reaching the iliopsoas is the OAB technique.

 

 

 

 

 

Ligaments of the horse’s back

 

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Interspinous ligament

This ligament runs along the spine filling the spaces between the spinous processes while helping to support the spine’s vertebrae in movements such as flexion and extension. It is this ligament that interspinous ligament desmotomy is performed for some horses with kissing spines.

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Supraspinous ligament

The supraspinous ligament is a strong, important ligament that helps prevent the vertebrae from moving too much, and provides support. It is long, running from T3 to the sacrum.

It sits on top of the dorsal spinal processes and is a continuation of the nuchal ligament that runs from skull to the withers. This ligament does not have a lot of elasticity and can be injured when overstretched.

The widest section sits over the withers where many muscles attach to it.

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Ventral longitudinal ligament

The job of this ligament is to prevent the spine from overextension. It sits below the vertebrae.

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Basic Biomechanics

The horse’s back is essential for maintaining balance, stability, and flexibility during movement. When the horse moves, the muscles of the back work together to support the weight of the rider. The back also plays a vital role in the horse’s movement, allowing it to perform a range of movements, including collection, extension, and lateral movements.

The biomechanics of the horse’s back are complex and depend on the interplay between the bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments.

The muscles of the back work together to provide strength, stability, and flexibility, while the tendons and ligaments provide support and stability to the spine. The shape and structure of the spine also play a role in the biomechanics of the horse’s back, allowing for a range of movement while maintaining balance.

The anatomy and biomechanics of the horse’s back are complex and essential for understanding how the horse moves and performs.

While this isn’t an in-depth look at the horse’s back it is a good starting point for anyone who works with horses to develop their understanding of how it works. Having this knowledge will help equestrians better manage their horses and help them stay comfortable.

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Special thanks for graphics credit: EquiPro Connect

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Gain an in-depth understanding of Equine Functional Anatomy & Biomechanics here

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By Chris Bates, DO, Animal Therapist and LCAO Contributor

It is easy to look at Osteopaths in practice and see the obvious or perhaps larger effects of their manual work on the animal, but what else happens during an Osteopathic treatment?

This is a question asked by owners, therapists, and veterinarians alike- a question that deserves a well-developed answer. Here we go!

In previous blogs, we have discussed the integrated and interconnectedness of the body. This interconnectedness ultimately dictates its function.

By seeing the body this way, it becomes obvious that performing a limb rotation using the OAB (Osteopathic Articular Balancing) technique is not just articulating joint surfaces.

Many think the term Osteopathy refers to a practice only concerned with bones. This couldn’t be further from the truth. The term was derived from the philosophy of the interconnectedness of the skeletal system to everything else.

Andrew Taylor Still, the founder of osteopathy, would teach how the diseases of the body would express an outwardly visible or palpable structural alteration and that skeletal structural disposition would in turn create disease.

One could say that the most effective tool was the terminus of sorts that the skeletal structure provided. A perfect lever to adjust the constitution of the system… the engine.

Still, wrote in his autobiography, “An osteopath is only a human engineer, who should understand all the laws governing his engine and thereby master disease.” (2018, Republished).

This shows us that we can and should learn how our techniques as therapists affect deeper structures. As classical osteopaths, our movements are long levers used to interact with the parts of the body that may otherwise seem unreachable.

“To know all of a bone in its entirety would be to close both ends of an eternity” (A T Still, 2018).

We must be fully aware of the scope of practice of Osteopathy in the modern veterinary world and not suggest that our work is a replacement for appropriate veterinary attention.

However, we must also offer the veterinary profession the bountiful opportunities for health promotion that Osteopathy could provide. I say “could” as it is imperative, first and foremost, that we fully understand the body.

We need this knowledge in order to appropriately adjust it toward health. The hands used without mind are but blunt instruments. With the mind and intellect guiding, the hands become surgical tools without comparison.

Let us consider a dog who has been suffering from a lung infection of some kind. The veterinary intervention of antibiotics has been successful but there is evidence of irritation/inflammation of the pleura (serous membranes lining the thoracic cavity allowing the sliding of the lung tissues against the interior of the cavity during breathing).

Using this as our starting point, we can assess how OAB can assist in a vet-led treatment plan. During forelimb OAB, it is possible to use flexion and compression of the lower limb to isolate movement to the more proximal regions.

Using highly developed palpation, one can feel the muscular and facial pull of the forelimb on the serratus muscles and pectoral group; the muscles which elevate and depress the ribs.

This passive movement of the ribs will gently mobilize the serous membranes of the pleura, encouraging mucosal secretion, lymphatic drainage, and arterial perfusion.

All of the above is essential for the tissues to properly function. As a long lever method that does not require direct pressure, this is well tolerated and works synergistically with the natural respiratory rhythms.

The above is just one example of the holistic nature of Osteopathy. Using it as our guidepost, it is impossible to treat a region or system in isolation. These principles are natural laws.

They are deeply embedded in osteopathic philosophy but perforate all other systems of health as well. For example, if drugs are used, they will come with side effects.

This is because they are affecting everything, not just the intended dysfunction. This does not make drugs bad but proves that the natural laws of Osteopathy are applicable in all areas of health promotion.

To summarise, the wider implications of our manual interventions must be thoroughly understood. Classical osteopathic techniques were designed to have far-reaching effects deep within the body. We are never just treating a joint!

At LCAO we pride ourselves on offering extensive anatomical education and ensuring students fully appreciate the living functions under their hands. This makes our work safe, effective, and potentially more wide-reaching in its benefits.

For more information on how you can become an animal osteopath, click here

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References:

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Still AT. Autobiography of Andrew T. Still, with a History of the Discovery and Development of the Science of Osteopathy, Together with an Account of the Foundi. Franklin Classics Trade Press; 2018.