Category Archives: Equine & Canine Osteopathy

January is Walk Your Dog Month, a perfect time to embrace the health and bonding benefits of regular walks with your canine companion.

Walking your dog isn’t just about exercise; it’s about creating a routine that benefits both of you. Make “Walk Your Dog Month” your starting point for healthier, happier habits this year. Whether outdoors in the crisp winter air or indoors on a snowy day, every step you take together strengthens your bond and enhances your dog’s well-being.

So grab the leash, bundle up, and make the most of this January with your best friend by your side!

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Why Walking is Essential for Dogs

Walking is one of the simplest yet most effective ways to meet your dog’s physical and mental needs:

• Physical Exercise: Walking helps maintain a healthy weight, strengthens muscles, and supports joint health.
• Mental Stimulation: Sniffing, exploring, and encountering new environments activate your dog’s senses and reduce boredom.
• Behavioral Benefits: Regular walks can help prevent anxiety, destructive behavior, and hyperactivity.
• Socialisation: Walks introduce your dog to new people, animals, and environments, which can improve their confidence and manners.

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Tips for Establishing a Walking Routine

If you’re just getting started or trying to create a consistent routine, these tips can help:

• Start Small
  If your dog isn’t used to long walks, begin with 10-15 minutes and gradually increase the duration.
• Make It a Habit
  Choose a regular time each day for your walks, whether it’s early morning, during lunch, or in the evening. Consistency makes it easier for both you and your dog.
• Mix It Up
  Keep things interesting by exploring new trails, parks, or neighborhoods. Variety keeps walks engaging for your dog and prevents you from getting bored.
• Incorporate Training
  Use walks as an opportunity to practice commands like “heel,” “sit,” and “stay.” It’s a great way to reinforce good behavior in real-world situations.
• Track Your Progress
  Set goals for distance or time and use a fitness tracker or app to monitor your progress. Small wins will keep you motivated.

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Winter Dog Walking: What to Know

Cold weather and snowy conditions can make dog walking more challenging, but with a little preparation, you can keep your walks safe and enjoyable.

Protecting Your Dog’s Paws

In winter, sidewalks and roads are often treated with salt or chemical de-icers, which can harm your dog’s paws:

• Irritation and Cracking: Salt and chemicals can dry out and crack paw pads, causing pain and discomfort.
• Toxic Ingestion: Dogs may lick their paws after walks, ingesting harmful chemicals.

How to Protect Paws:

• Use Dog Booties: Booties provide a barrier between your dog’s paws and the ground, preventing contact with irritants and protecting against cold. Look for waterproof options with good grip to prevent slipping.
• Paw Balm: If your dog isn’t comfortable with booties, apply a protective paw balm before walks to moisturize and shield the pads.
• Clean Paws After Walks: Wipe your dog’s paws with a damp cloth or pet-safe wipe immediately after walks to remove any residue.

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Dressing for the Weather

Dogs with short coats or small breeds may need extra protection against the cold. Invest in a well-fitting dog coat or sweater to keep them warm.

Choose Safe Walking Routes

Avoid areas with thick ice or heavily salted paths. Stick to clear sidewalks, trails, or snow-packed paths with good traction

Adjust Walk Duration

In extreme cold, opt for shorter, more frequent walks to prevent your dog from getting too cold.

Alternatives for Bad Weather Days

If icy conditions or heavy snow prevent outdoor walks, there are plenty of indoor and alternative activities to keep your dog active:

• Interactive Play
  Engage in tug-of-war, fetch, or hide-and-seek using their favorite toys.
• Mental Stimulation
  Puzzle toys, snuffle mats, or treat-dispensing toys challenge your dog’s mind and keep them entertained.
• Stair Workouts
  Encourage your dog to run up and down stairs under supervision. This provides a great cardio workout in a small space.
• Short Outdoor Sessions
  If the weather allows, take your dog out for brief potty breaks or short play sessions in the yard.

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January’s chilly weather shouldn’t deter you—there are always ways to keep your dog happy and active!

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Walking as an Osteopathic Opportunity

Walking your dog isn’t just a way to keep them fit. It’s also a valuable opportunity to observe their movement and identify potential gait abnormalities or compensatory patterns. As canine osteopathy emphasises the importance of optimal biomechanics and movement, regular walks provide a unique chance to notice subtle changes that may indicate discomfort or underlying issues.

Pay attention to how your dog moves: Is their stride even? Are they favoring one leg, or showing joint stiffness? These signs could suggest you dog has developed compensatory patterns, where your dog shifts weight or alters movement to avoid pain. Over time, such patterns can lead to muscle imbalances, joint stress, pain, and reduced mobility – issues that osteopathic techniques aim to address.

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Supporting Canine Wellness Through Walking and Osteopathy

Incorporating mindful observation during walks aligns with the principles of canine osteopathy, which focuses on the body’s natural ability to heal when given the right support.

Regular movement helps maintain joint lubrication, muscle flexibility, and overall circulation, all of which are essential for your dog’s well-being. When combined with professional osteopathic care, walking can support recovery from injuries, manage chronic conditions, and promote overall balance and health.

If you notice persistent abnormalities or stiffness during walks, it may be time to consult a canine osteopath. These professionals can assess your dog’s musculoskeletal system and provide gentle, hands-on techniques to restore alignment and mobility. Together, regular walks and osteopathy form a powerful duo for maintaining your dog’s long-term health and vitality.

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Make Walking a Year-Round Priority

January may be Walk Your Dog Month, but the benefits of walking extend far beyond this single month. By incorporating regular walks into your routine, you’re investing in your dog’s health and happiness, and your own. Whether it’s a brisk winter stroll or a sunny summer adventure, every step strengthens your bond and keeps both of you thriving.

Your dog will thank you for it!

Equine CranioSacral Therapy is a gentle, non-invasive manual therapy that focuses on the craniosacral system – the membranes and cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. By assessing and addressing restrictions within this system, Equine CranioSacral Therapy aims to enhance the horse’s natural healing processes, alleviate pain, and improve overall well-being.

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Historical Background

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The origins of CranioSacral Therapy trace back to the early 1900s when osteopath Dr. William Garner Sutherland introduced the concept of cranial bone mobility. Dr. John Upledger further developed CranioSacral Therapy in the 1970s, establishing it as a recognised therapeutic modality for humans. The adaptation of CranioSacral Therapy techniques to equine patients began in the late 20th century, with practitioners modifying human protocols to accommodate the anatomical and physiological nuances of horses.

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Mechanisms and Benefits

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Equine CranioSacral Therapy operates on the principle that the craniosacral system’s rhythm influences the central nervous system’s function. Practitioners use refined palpation skills to detect subtle pulsations of cerebrospinal fluid and identify areas of restriction or dysfunction. By applying gentle techniques, they aim to release these restrictions, promoting optimal fluid flow and neural function.

The benefits are multifaceted, addressing physical, mental, and emotional aspects of equine health:

• Physical Health: Equine CranioSacral Therapy can alleviate musculoskeletal issues, enhance mobility, and support recovery from injuries. It has been found effective in treating conditions such as temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMJD), head trauma, and hind-end lameness.
• Neurological Function: By improving cerebrospinal fluid circulation, Equine CranioSacral Therapy supports the central nervous system, potentially aiding in conditions like head shaking and sinus or breathing problems. citeturn0search0
• Emotional Well-being: Horses may experience emotional or behavioral issues due to past traumas. Equine CranioSacral Therapy’s gentle approach can help release emotional tensions, leading to calmer and more cooperative behavior.

Clinical Evidence

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A study published in Acta Veterinaria Brno explored the adaptation of craniosacral therapy techniques from humans to horses. The researchers found that craniosacral therapy could be effectively applied to equine patients, suggesting potential benefits in treating various conditions. (1)

Equine CranioSacral Therapy represents a holistic approach to equine health, addressing the intricate connections between the nervous system, musculoskeletal system, and emotional state. While empirical evidence is still emerging, clinical observations and preliminary studies indicate that it can be a valuable addition to equine therapeutic practices, offering a gentle yet effective means to support the health and well-being of horses.

As with any therapeutic intervention, it is essential to consult with a qualified practitioner and considerEquine CranioSacral Therapy as part of a comprehensive health care plan tailored to the individual needs of each horse.

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Resources:

Jandová, H., Beránková, A., & Valenta, M. (2017). Craniosacral therapy in horses. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 86(1), 75–81 https://actavet.vfu.cz/media/pdf/actavet_2017086010075.pdf

The Dangers of Iron Overload in a Horse’s Diet

Iron is a vital mineral for all living creatures, including horses. It plays a crucial role in oxygen transport and energy metabolism. However, when it comes to iron intake, balance is key. While iron deficiency is a common concern in many animals, horses are unique in that they are more susceptible to iron overload rather than becoming deficient.

Excess iron in a horse’s diet can lead to serious health problems, including organ damage, inflammation, and metabolic disorders.

Iron Levels in Horses: What Anemia Actually Means

Anemia is often the first concern when discussing iron in any animal’s diet. However, true iron-deficiency anemia is extremely rare in horses. Anemia in horses is generally not related to iron deficiency but rather to other health issues like chronic illness, internal bleeding, or parasitic infection. In cases of true anemia, other factors such as vitamin B12, folate, or protein deficiencies are typically the culprits, not a lack of iron.

Most pastures, forages, and grains provide more than enough iron to meet a horse’s daily requirements, making iron supplementation rarely necessary. Misdiagnosing anemia as an iron deficiency and unnecessarily increasing iron intake can exacerbate health problems.

Excess Iron and Why It Is a Concern for Horses

Excess iron in a horse’s diet is a growing concern and can be a silent but significant health risk. Horses have a limited capacity to excrete excess iron, which can accumulate in the body over time, leading to toxic effects. Iron overload can cause oxidative stress and inflammation, damage organs (especially the liver), and impair the absorption of other essential minerals such as copper and zinc. These disturbances can affect the immune system, metabolism, and overall health of the horse.

Recommended and Healthy Iron Intake for Horses

The average adult horse needs around 40-50 mg of iron per kg of body weight daily, which roughly translates to about 500-600 mg of iron per day for a 500 kg horse, according to the MSD Veterinary Manual. (1) Most horses meet or exceed these requirements through their regular forage and feed. A diet with more than 800-1,000 mg of iron per day is considered high and could pose risks over time.

It is crucial to evaluate the total iron intake from all sources, including water, forage, and commercial feeds, to ensure it stays within the recommended range. Unless a horse has been diagnosed with an iron deficiency by a veterinarian, adding iron supplements is generally unnecessary.

Dangers of High Iron Levels in Horses

Excess iron in a horse’s body can lead to a variety of health issues, including:

Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: High iron levels can increase oxidative stress, leading to cell damage and chronic inflammation, which can affect various organs.

Liver Damage: The liver is the primary storage site for excess iron. Overload can lead to liver damage, reduced function, and eventual liver failure if not managed. (2)

Metabolic Issues: Iron overload can interfere with insulin regulation, increasing the risk of insulin resistance, laminitis, and metabolic syndrome.

Immune Suppression: Excessive iron can impair the immune system, making horses more susceptible to infections and slowing down their ability to recover from illnesses.

Mineral Imbalances: High iron intake can interfere with the absorption of other essential minerals like copper, zinc, and manganese, leading to deficiencies that affect coat quality, hoof health, and general well-being.

Why You Must Minimize Iron Exposure for Horses

Minimizing iron exposure is crucial to preventing the long-term damage associated with iron overload. (4) Given that iron is ubiquitous in nature, and found in soil, water, forage, and feed, it is easy for a horse to ingest too much. Responsible management includes being vigilant about all sources of iron in the horse’s diet, understanding the levels present in each, and adjusting accordingly to maintain optimal health.

Signs and Symptoms of High Iron in Horses

Recognizing the signs of iron overload early can prevent serious health complications. Symptoms include:

• Dull, rough coat
• Poor hoof quality
• Lethargy or reduced performance
• Unexplained weight loss
• Increased susceptibility to infections
• Signs of insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome (like regional fat deposits or laminitis)
• Liver issues, which may manifest as jaundice or abnormal bloodwork results

Tips to Lower Iron Intake

Test Forage and Water: Test hay, pasture, and water sources for iron content. Avoid using forage or water sources with high iron levels whenever possible.

Check Commercial Feeds: Review labels of commercial feeds and supplements to ensure they don’t contain excessive iron. Many commercial feeds already meet or exceed a horse’s iron requirements, making additional supplementation unnecessary.

Avoid Unnecessary Supplements: Avoid iron supplements unless specifically recommended by a veterinarian for a diagnosed deficiency. Consider feeds that are balanced with adequate levels of zinc and copper to counteract the effects of any excess iron.

Provide a Balanced Diet: Ensure that your horse’s diet is well-balanced in terms of minerals. Focus on providing adequate levels of copper and zinc, which can help counteract high iron levels.

Use Filtered Water: If the water source has a high iron content, consider using a water filter designed to remove excess minerals. Providing filtered water can significantly reduce daily iron intake.

How to Determine Your Horse’s Iron Status

The best way to assess your horse’s iron status is through a combination of blood tests and evaluating the iron content in their diet:

Blood Tests: Routine blood work can provide information on serum ferritin levels, liver enzymes, and other indicators of iron overload. Discuss the results with a veterinarian to determine if iron levels are problematic.

Diet Analysis: Analyze all components of your horse’s diet, including water, forage, and feed, to determine the total daily intake of iron. Aim to keep the overall iron content within recommended levels.

Caution Over Iron Supplements and Inclusion in Feed

Iron is commonly added to commercial horse feeds and supplements, often with the intention of supporting overall health or treating perceived anemia. However, over-supplementation is a significant risk, as most horses already get enough iron from natural sources. Feeding iron supplements without clear evidence of deficiency can do more harm than good.

Key Considerations:

• Consult a Veterinarian: Always consult with a veterinarian before introducing iron supplements. Blood tests are necessary to confirm any suspected deficiency.
• Check Feed Labels: Be cautious with feeds that list high levels of iron. Opt for feeds with balanced mineral profiles that include adequate levels of copper and zinc to prevent imbalances.

Iron is an essential mineral for horses, but excess iron intake can lead to serious health problems. While true iron deficiency is rare in horses, iron overload is a much more common and dangerous issue. (3)

Managing iron intake carefully by monitoring forage, water, and commercial feed can help prevent toxicity. Always consult with a veterinarian when considering dietary adjustments or supplements to ensure the health and well-being of your horse.

By being vigilant about your horse’s diet, understanding the risks of iron overload, and taking proactive steps to minimize exposure, you can help maintain optimal health and longevity for your equine companion.

For more information on how you can become an Equine Osteopath, click here 

Resources

1. MSD Veterinary Manual. (n.d.). Nutritional requirements of horses and other equids. Retrieved November 21, 2024, from https://www.msdvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-horses/nutritional-requirements-of-horses-and-other-equids#Minerals_v3322724

2. Frank, N., & Tadros, E. M. (2014). Insulin dysregulation. Equine Veterinary Journal, 46(1), 103-112. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30269378/

3. Paulick Report Staff. (2019, March 4). Iron overload can be fatal for horses. Paulick Report. https://paulickreport.com/horse-care-category/iron-overload-can-be-fatal-for-horses

4. Utrecht University. (2020, February 11). Chronic iron poisoning from drinking drainage water fatal to horses. https://www.uu.nl/en/news/chronic-iron-poisoning-from-drinking-drainage-water-fatal-to-horses

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Musings of an Osteopath Part I

Chris Bates  M.Ost  DipAO  EEBW  BHSAI

Join me on a journey into my thoughts (not as disturbing as it sounds) about Osteopathy, medicine, and the healing arts. This is part one of a series that I hope to make a regular feature.

As we delve into the world of Osteopathy, it is common to come across questions and barriers to our development. At times like these it is always useful to take a moment to reflect.

Remember that a crisis is a call to action for change or an opportunity to learn. Let me assure you that reflection is a powerful tool especially when written down or shared with others. So, yes, this is helping me as much as it is you but hey, why miss the opportunity to develop myself too?

My early exposure to Osteopathy

My first experience of Osteopathy was seeing an equine Osteopath treating a horse at my college. After leaving school, I attended agricultural college to train for a national diploma in horse management and to complete my British Horse Society (BHS) qualifications. I intended to become a trainer and teacher and had a specialist interest in dressage.

During one semester in my second year, we had a day when equine practitioners of various disciplines visited the college to present their profession and answer our questions. The intention for this was to offer students a chance to learn about the different careers that their diploma may prepare them to move into (with further training of course).

We had seen a Farrier, a Nutritionist, two Race Grooms, a Vet, and several therapeutic practitioners and quite honestly, we were all getting rather tired as it was a long day of listening.

So, one would have thought that by this point my brain was already saturated with information. It was, however, the Osteopath who was presenting last and she re-ignited my mind instantly. We first listened to the Osteopath explain to us what she does and give an introduction to what Osteopathy actually is.

She exuded a sense of calm and composure even whilst remaining engaging and interesting. Over the years, I have come to realize that many of the best Osteopaths I know also exude this same calm. Some of the other students had already switched off from the long day but I was riveted to everything she had to say. I was deeply curious about her description of a “different paradigm” to health.

After her talk in the classroom, we all moved to the stables where she demonstrated an Osteopathic examination and treatment on one of the college horses. Her way of explaining everything she was looking at and doing was complex but understandable.

She had a way of making the confusing concepts seem easy to comprehend. As she said to me later, however, “Perhaps you were just ready to hear what I had to say and so grasped the Osteopathic viewpoint”.

I was totally absorbed in her demonstration and full of questions. I had begun mentally connecting the dots about my own health struggles as a teenager with hypermobility and chronic pain. So many things that had once been a mystery to me were making sense, a truly “Eureka” moment.

After her presentation, it was the end of the day at college and some practitioners had stayed to answer student questions. I think I completely monopolized the Osteopath for my questions but she was only too happy to speak with me.

I said that I had to learn more and was very interested in becoming an Osteopath too. She described how at the time, the only way in was to become a human Osteopath first which here in the UK is a four-year Masters level education with over 1000 hours of clinical practice and is a statutorily regulated primary healthcare profession.

Initially, my heart sank a little as I was only really interested in working with horses. I had set my sights and was sure that, eventually, I would get there.

Taking the plunge into Osteopathy

It would actually be years before I took the plunge and became an Osteopath. At college, I did qualify as a riding instructor and I worked in many equestrian roles enjoying every second. I had a wonderful time building my experience and reputation in the horse industry.

I did however eventually go for it and I completed my Integrated Master’s Degree in Osteopathic Medicine. I actually really enjoyed treating humans. I was asked back the same year I graduated to teach the degree course. I thoroughly enjoyed teaching Osteopathic principles and techniques and running my own human clinic.

During my career in the horse industry, I tried another therapeutic discipline and trained as an Equine Bodyworker. I had been treating horses as a bodyworker for almost 9 years by the time I became an Osteopath. But the bodyworker training lacked that Osteopathic process that had so sparked my interest.

Once I had my Degree in Osteopathic Medicine, I went on to meet Professor Stuart McGregor, and the rest, as they say, is history. Now here I am, an Osteopath for people and animals, but I felt that there was a pathway missing for people who wanted to become animal Osteopaths without the tortuous route I took.

LCAO fills that gap by offering education in animal Osteopathy without the requirement to be human-trained first. I agreed with this intention and so began working for LCAO.

The odd beginnings of the animal therapy industry

It would come as a surprise to you if you went to visit your local family doctor for a checkup and they also offered to check your dog over wouldn’t it? Perhaps there are some Doctors out there who are also Vets, but I would imagine they are very few and far between.

Yet in the early days of animal therapy as an industry, dual practice was commonplace. When a new profession starts out, there have to be pioneers who create and innovate. Our very own Prof’ Stuart McGregor was the first Osteopath to write their dissertation on the application of Osteopathy to animals.

In an industry where there are no courses in animal Osteopathy, the first practitioners had to be Human-trained and then transfer their methods to animal patients. However, this strangely led to animal therapy courses being created that required human training.

It would seem to me to be counterintuitive in some regards as would it not make more sense to commit more hours and effort into studying the actual animals you plan on becoming an expert in than the humans you may not wish to work with?

Think of it this way, if a person has extensive time and experience with horses during their training, they may catch the signs that another person may miss.

LCAO has created a pathway for people to train solely on animals should they wish to. As Osteopathy is a lens through which we view the patient, its principles and philosophy do not change just because of the type of creature we are seeing. Yes, this means there is a lot of crossover in the work with humans.

As courses that were first developed were reserved for those with human therapy training, a bias and perhaps elitism evolved from this. Of course, being the first course does not automatically denote quality over any others developed subsequently; however, there was some animosity growing in the industry.

People who ran or graduated from the courses open only to human therapy-trained practitioners began to feel angry that people were creating courses that did not require human training. Perhaps they felt protective over their vocation and were irritated that they had to go through a whole section of training that in reality wasn’t relevant in most cases.

The word was often spread by the human-trained practitioners that people graduating from these animal-only courses were not sufficiently trained or were somehow lesser. Of course, this made no sense but unfortunately, animal owners were often sucked into this belief and would continue to spread the misinformation.

Due to the division in the industry, many animal-only trained practitioners found it tricky to get a foothold in their chosen careers. Even some Vets were swayed by the misinformation from the human-trained practitioners and would only refer to them.

Often, the best way to combat this type of thing is through proof and performance and not by simply reacting with argument. Courses for animal-only practice developed with extensive input from industry leaders and researchers.

Links were formed with universities and standards were created to rival the most robust human practice degrees. The courses spoke for themselves. As many of the courses for human-trained students and their graduates had devoted much of their time to argument and disruption, the animal-only courses and practitioners committed to self-development, industry progression, quality in practice, and research. It was then that the human practitioner courses realized they were being left behind.

I myself chose an animal-only course in Equine Bodywork as my first step into animal therapy because that course is very high quality and high level. Those courses are even part of the professional training for the degree students at the university they use for course delivery.

I had actually trained in human sports massage prior to this, so I could have attended the human-trained courses but chose the one with the highest standard of learning.

Is Human training worth it? 

It would be disingenuous of me to pretend that human therapy training isn’t useful in some cases. In the equine world, human therapy training can be extremely useful as many of the issues that arise in horses can be a result of the rider.

Being able to assess a rider and observe them in the saddle can provide vital information. Of course, then one can also treat the rider which provides a separate income stream and can help the owner/rider feel they are getting the “whole package”.

However, it is highly recommended that equine therapists work closely with any trainers and instructors and this would mean rider assessment can be done by the instructor and then discussed with the therapist. This would be equally likely to make the rider feel they receive holistic service simply by the therapist communicating and networking well with other professionals.

It is much less likely that the human will affect a dog directly with their posture for example, but consider the owners’ activity levels and mobility. If the owner is struggling with their movement and some pain, they might not be providing the dog with adequate exercise and enrichment. This is a subject that can be discussed with the owner and perhaps a referral made for them to receive treatment.

One could also argue that humans can give you verbal feedback on your manual techniques and help you to develop your palpation and treatment skills. This could provide a therapist with a clear understanding of where to put their focus in continued training. So it’s clear that one would be foolish to completely discount one form of training pathway for another simply due to allegiances for example.

I would say that the main reason to consider human therapy training is if you wish to treat humans and you want to split your time. There is no necessity to do so though, and many of the world’s most highly regarded and busy animal therapists do not treat humans at all. It comes down to personal choice. Clients will choose you because they resonate with you, the key is finding your truth and living that.

Final thoughts

I am an Osteopath for people and animals and I love both. I use a lot of knowledge I gained from human training in my animal work and in my teaching. However, I am beyond pleased that LCAO and other discipline colleges now offer animal-only training.

The important thing is that there should be choice. Animal welfare is supported thoroughly with either avenue of training. Should you wish to work only with dogs or small animals, I would personally argue there is little reason for you to train on people first.

If you have an interest in rider biomechanics and equestrian sport, you can achieve much of the knowledge you need for that in continued professional development without having to undertake arduous human therapy training too.

To decide, you need to look at what you actually want to do in clinical practice. If you enjoy working directly with people then training to treat them too can offer a nice split to your working week.

LCAO is here to offer you quality animal Osteopathy training regardless of which route you wish to take. For more information on the International Diploma in Animal Osteopathy (Int’l DipAO), click here

By Rachel Pechek, LCAO instructor, and Kalie Larson, LCAO Animal Osteopathy Student

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Four core principles. They are the foundation of Osteopathic Medicine. We, as osteopaths, view the body as a complex, constantly changing, and interconnected system, where issues in one area can result in complications and compensatory responses elsewhere. London College of Animal Osteopathy student, Kali Larson, and LCAO Pre-clinical instructor Rachel Pechek have both recently experienced heartwarming success stories that exemplify the application of these principles.

 

Kali’s Client – A great example of how veterinary medicine and osteopathic care go hand in hand.

“Recently, a new client reached out to me seeking help with his horse’s health issues. After a day of moving cows, the client’s 10-year-old horse suddenly started experiencing stiffness and lameness that persisted.

Despite receiving treatment from different equine bodyworkers, the horse would appear to improve only to relapse into lameness. Afterwards, the horse sustained a puncture wound on its right stifle, which required surgery. A few months after that, the horse slipped out of the trailer and injured its left hind limb.

I agreed to care for the horse for a period of 6-8 weeks in order to investigate the issue and provide rehabilitation. Upon arrival, the horse displayed a camped-under stance when standing and would frequently lay down to rest.

During movement, there was a lack of mobility in the pelvis and lumbar spine, he would not track up and his movements were very stiff. Additionally, there were signs of asymmetry and muscle atrophy in the quadriceps and tensor fasciae latae.

The initial osteopathic treatment revealed restrictions in various areas of the hind end (lumbar, sacroiliac, sacrum, hips, stifles, and hocks), along with tense pectoral muscles and glutes.

Subsequent sessions uncovered recurring joint restrictions, including a recurring bladder issue detected through a non-invasive osteopathic visceral technique I learned from LCAO instructors.

After additional reflection and examining the interconnections within the horse’s body, I decided to proceed with x-rays on the horse’s stifle and hocks after I performed the second osteopath session.

After diagnosing moderate to severe arthritis in the horse’s stifles and hocks, a treatment plan was created in collaboration with the vet to get this horse back to ridable condition. There was a belief that the horse started developing genetic arthritis in its joints at a young age. The horse was put on Previcox (requested by the owner) once a day to manage pain and enable exercise to strengthen the muscles surrounding the joint.

By week 6, the dosage of Previcox was decreased to three times a week. Isometric exercises, ground poles, hill work, and riding on trails were gradually introduced over 8 weeks. Muscle stretching was reduced from twice daily to 3-4 times per week after 4 weeks. I also performed osteopathic treatments every 2 weeks.

After completing an 8-week rehabilitation program, an osteopath assessment showed no joint or visceral restrictions, all credited to the treatment of the stifle and hocks. As a result, the owner happily brought his horse back home and rode him joyfully for the first time in a year!

I provided the owner with specific isometric exercises and stretching routines to perform 3-4 times a week. A month later, I checked in and found that the horse was still in good condition, and the owner had resumed riding him on the ranch. The owner is now planning to collaborate with the vet to enhance joint care and ensure joint protection.

Experiences such as these are the reason why I choose to practice osteopathy on animals. The happiness I experience when witnessing an animal’s progress and the delight on the owner’s face is indescribable.

Prioritizing the animal’s welfare is my main focus, and I am committed to providing excellent care. This profession deeply connects with me, and every aspect of it brings me immense satisfaction. I feel incredibly thankful for the opportunity to study at the London College of Animal Osteopathy and be mentored by some of the best in the world. This experience has had a lasting impact on my life.”

 

– Kali Larson images

 

– A happy horseback riding with his owner.

 

Rachel’s Client – Osteopathy helping a lost cause

“Zeppelin is a lovely horse with a lovely owner. Unfortunately, luck was not on his side in late 2023. He escaped his paddock and was struck by a car. The vet bandaged a laceration following the incident, but otherwise,e he was considered to be in fare condition. He initially went back to work after the wound had healed, but started refusing to move forward shortly after his rehabilitation began. He had no imaging done after the accident.

When I first saw Zeppelin in August of 2024, his gait looked extremely uncomfortable. He was a pasture pet. His owner hoped to get him serviceably sound for a low-level riding job. Zep had previously been seen by a few practitioners of other modalities who thought he may have had fractures to his ribs and pelvis when he was hit.

Based on the way he was moving, it seemed plausible! We decided to proceed with osteopathic treatment every 2-3 weeks, giving his body time to adjust after each treatment. His prognosis was unclear at this point in time as we weren’t sure if what we were seeing was permanent damage to anatomical structures, if it was dysfunction, or if it was a combination of both.

During his first appointment, I was able to mobilize his thoracic spine and ribs and begin articulation in his neck and pelvis. His walk-up after this appointment showed a small margin of improvement.

At the beginning of his second appointment, it was a pleasant surprise to find that Zeppelins body had accepted much of the work we had done in the initial consultation! I was able to build on the previous appointments progress, beginning to focus more on his pelvis. During this second appointment, OAB and HVLA of the hip joints and low back as well as myofascial release were the main techniques used in his hind end.

The beginning of his third appointment was another exciting moment. Zep’s hind end had held much of the work done previously, indicating that much of what was found was dysfunction and not permanent damage.

His owner said he had a notable improvement in movement in the paddock and he was seen standing square on his own which was difficult for him before osteopathic treatment began. During this appointment, I assessed and treated his entire body with OAB, along with some myofascial releases to his pelvis and cranial osteopathic technique. The picture below shows Zeppelins progress after 3 osteopathic treatments. He is standing square in both photos.

The third treatment was timed to have a rehabilitation specialist present as well. It was decided, based on the owner’s comfort and the rehabilitation specialist’s expertise, that Zepplin will begin in-hand walking exercises to build strength in his new freedom of movement.

At this point, his prognosis is looking very positive. He may very well be able to handle the riding job his owner has in mind for him. I and the rest of his team of people are excited to see how far Zeppelin will go from here! He has already exceeded our expectations, as horses often do.”

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– Rachel Pechek – image

Kali Larson

In Stride Osteopathy

In Stride Osteopathy Facebook

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The domesticated dog has changed far from the wild ancestors of old and the canid cousins they share in the wild today. Dogs as pets and companions come in many shapes and sizes from the smallest of “teacup” breeds to immense Great Danes and Irish Wolf Hounds.

As with many of our domesticated animals, selective breeding over many generations has created body plans that would be highly unlikely or even impossible through natural evolution. We know that the development of features depends on attributes that help to sustain life and increase the chances of procreation.

It would be fair to say that the Pug would not flourish in the wild were there to be a sudden disappearance of humans. Let us investigate the development of breed characteristics in dogs and the potential health pitfalls that may result.

Early Human Interaction With Dogs

The human domestication of dogs can be traced by DNA evidence dating back 11,000 years ago, at the end of the last ice age (Rincon, 2020). There is evidence to suggest that Homo Sapiens out-competed Neanderthals for prey with the assistance of domesticated canines around 32,000 years ago (Bethke and Burtt, 2020).

Needless to say, dogs are the earliest animals to be domesticated by humans. Our connection with canines happened all over the world in the early periods of human history. Evidence of early canine domestication has been found in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas.

Our hunter-gatherer ancestors would have undoubtedly provided a tantalizing opportunity to hungry canines that could snatch food from camps, humans may have even left dogs parts of their kills that they found undesirable.

Equally, humans may have been eager to follow the packs of wild canines that were tracking prey so as to benefit from their enhanced senses when seeking good hunting.

It is generally accepted that domestication stemmed from the initial mutual benefit that came from close proximity. Of course, at this point in the development of domestication, selective breeding was probably not at the forefront of human minds.

The canines of this time were already perfectly suited to their environment and had the tracking and hunting skills that humans could benefit from. It was only as human civilization flourished that animals would become an asset that needed “molding” to a new purpose.

What Drove the Selection of Dog Characteristics? 

The attributes that humans favored in their domesticated companions were initially driven by the roles that canines played in obtaining food. It would very much depend on the location of the humans the type of prey being hunted and what traits best suited their needs.

A taller dog with acute senses of sight and hearing could be more useful for those tracking elusive prey across mountainous terrain whereas stocky strong dogs with tenacious spirits could be more effective at helping to take down large animals.

As agriculture grew and human settlements became more stable, roles altered again. Dogs would continue to assist in the hunting process but some of these hunts would become pest control as opposed to food gathering, this would necessitate smaller dogs that could take on native creatures that could burrow or escape into dense undergrowth.  Dogs became racers, fighters, security, and status symbols.

These days we certainly see breeds that seem to fall outside these roles of old. Our need for food and even pest control is no longer the same. Gradually, aesthetics would prevail in many cases of selective breeding.

Showing dogs is a big business and today events all over the world take place with some achieving television exposure. But as with many competitive industries and markets driven by aesthetics, traits can be taken to extremes.

Where the Problems Start – Dog Characteristics

Characteristics that once may have been useful to us as humans taken to extremes can create a multitude of health concerns for the animal. One of the most common trends in recent years has been the preference for breeds such as French Bulldogs, Pugs, and Cavalier King Charles Spaniels.

These breeds (and others) have a common trait of being Brachycephalic breeds. Brachycephalic meaning “Short headed” describes the wider and shorter skull shape of these dogs.

With the increased neotenization of animals (infantilization) leading to a preference for an almost human infant-like appearance, flat-faced brachycephalic breeds are in high demand. The unfortunate truth is that many or most owners have no idea what physiological strain this morphology creates.

One only needs to listen to a Pug long enough and you will hear breathing difficulties being very apparent. The canine head and face have evolved to allow for large intra-nasal space to warm and moisten the air, increase scent receptors, and provide large-capacity breathing to supply high endurance.

The vastly reduced size of the nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx in brachycephalic breeds interferes with adequate breathing. Appropriate ventilation is not just about getting oxygen into the body but expelling carbon dioxide, balancing body pH, assisting fluid dynamics, lymphatic pumping, and thermoregulation. The list goes on and on. It is easy to see that disturbed ventilation and respiratory function can lead to a multitude of conditions.

The German Shepard is another breed with a common dysfunction. While the breed is arguably one of the more wolf-like, it has deviated far from the functional biomechanics that its ancestors benefited from. Early examples of the breed were much more biomechanically sound and only when the breeding became more selective did the problems become apparent.

German Shepherds are often seen with a very angular hind end, their hip joint with a much more extended position and stifle at almost 90 degrees setting their hind end closer to the ground.

This selected morphology is bad enough for long-term health but when we consider that they have a genetic predisposition to hip dysplasia (Mikkola et al, 2019) the problem becomes even more of a concern.

The potential for back problems, hip problems, and reduced quality of life is high and we must also factor in the possible systemic effects on health that may occur from somatovisceral referral or degenerative myelopathy.

Genetics is a complex science and it is inevitable that breeding in one desired trait will come along with a number of others that are less conducive to wellness. We have many dog breeds today with floppy ears, they may look cute to us but they serve no purpose in benefiting the animal.

Floppy ears will obviously alter the sense of hearing compared to dogs with erect ears; they can in some cases also increase chances of impacted auditory canals and otitis externa (outer ear infection).

The obvious factor is our own choices of aesthetics. If we continue to put our preferences over the welfare of the animal, there is a chance that the health and even life expectancy of our dogs will get worse.

Becoming Part of the Change in Dog Welfare

Animal welfare charities are at the front of the campaigns to assist owners with ensuring improved welfare. The Brachycephalic Working Group is active in working with owners stakeholders in the dog industry and breeders to help spread awareness of care for these breeds and lobbying for change in breed development. The RSPCA has extensive help available for people seeking responsible dog ownership and information on good care practices.

It will however take time to place enough pressure on breeders and breed organizations involved in showing to change their current practices. The education of owners is key to this endeavor. If we can expand the understanding of breed characteristics on health in the wider public then people may start to vote with their feet and stop demanding dangerous features.

In Animal Osteopathy, practitioners are in a perfect position to educate owners about health implications and also how to care for the dogs who already suffer. Half of the work of any health practitioner is being an educator. Even if you are reading this and you are not an animal professional, you have learned that something needs to change and that we as owners are the ones to do it.

Can Osteopathy Help? 

Of course!

Osteopathy is a way of showing the body what it is doing. If an Osteopath works with an animal who is suffering from breed-related conditions, they do not try to make the animal something they are not, that would be futile.

Andrew Taylor Still (the founder of Osteopathy) said “Finding health should be the job of the doctor, anyone can find disease”, this is the view we must take when the morphology of the animal is such that optimal functioning is simply not possible.

Let us consider the brachycephalic breeds. An Osteopath may not be able to re-shape the dog’s head, but it’s possible to work with the secondary effects of breathing difficulties.

We can ensure cervical spine mobility to allow the dog to position their head in a comfortable position for breathing deeply, we can articulate restricted ribs and thoracic spine to encourage lung expansion and we can give advice on exercise and environment management so as not to over exert the dog or expose them to other respiratory inhibiting factors.

For our dogs suffering biomechanical issues as a result of postures such as the German Shepherd described above, we can work with muscle tone and flexibility to encourage the patient to stand under themselves, we can use proprioceptive rehabilitation to educate the nervous system in better posture. The list of interventions the Osteopath can use is vast, but I’m not going to give that away, you need to join the fantastic LCAO educational programs to find that out.

The important thing to remember is that it is not too late to make significant changes in the dog industry. Osteopathy will always be concerned with helping animals live as well as they can with the body and genetics they have but we can also be a powerful force for welfare education in the wider population.

It is vital to spread awareness that animals are feeling creatures who can suffer from the features that some/many humans find cute or appealing, just because they live does not mean they live well. This article is not to shame any owners who have breeds with the characteristics described above, the intention is to open eyes to the possible problems and stoke the fires of change.

For more information on how you can become a Canine Osteopath, click here 

References:

Rincon, P. (2020). Dogs are humans’ oldest companions, DNA shows. BBC News. [online] 29 Oct. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-54690458 [Accessed 13 Oct. 2024].

Bethke, B. and Burtt, A. (2020). Dogs : archaeology beyond domestication. Gainesville: University Press Of Florida.

Paul, E.S., Packer, R.M., McGreevy, P.D., Coombe, E., Mendl, E. and Neville, V. (2023). That brachycephalic look: Infant-like facial appearance in short-muzzled dog breeds. Animal Welfare, 32(32). doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/awf.2022.6.

Mikkola, L.I., Holopainen, S., Lappalainen, A.K., Pessa-Morikawa, T., Augustine, T.J.P., Arumilli, M., Hytönen, M.K., Hakosalo, O., Lohi, H. and Iivanainen, A. (2019). Novel protective and risk loci in hip dysplasia in German Shepherds. PLOS Genetics, 15(7), p.e1008197. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1008197.

Anon, (n.d.). Brachycephalic Working Group – Working together to improve the health and welfare of brachycephalic dogs. [online] Available at: https://www.ukbwg.org.uk/.

Chris Bates  M.Ost  DipAO  EEBW  BHSAI

While more animal owners than ever are seeking Osteopaths for their beloved companions, many are not entirely sure what their practitioner is doing or how osteopathy works.

It would be impossible to explain fully what each intervention involves. The understanding of Osteopathy takes time to acquire and even longer to master. However, it is useful to be able to describe to an owner a basic overview of what is occurring and how the treatment will be of benefit.

Osteopathy is a unique approach to healthcare and therefore takes longer to comprehend. Osteopathic care does not seek to impose upon the animal, but rather to provide afferent information to the higher centers of the body in order for change to occur by the body itself.

A Different Paradigm 

What causes illness? One could describe health as the state in which one has appropriate functioning of all systems required to sustain life and complete tasks needed to maintain that state.

There are of course many things that could be considered “good health”  not needed to simply sustain life. These might include factors such as personal happiness or social connection, but while imperative as well, more on these later…

Proper health relies on homeostasis. This is where the body maintains its internal environment conducive to health while being able to adapt to external influences and environment. An example of this is pH balance in the body.

This regulation of acid/base balance is essential for biological functions to occur. If the internal environment becomes too acidic or too alkali then the physical structures of the body begin to denature and no longer function as intended.

 

 

The body is always trying to survive, it never “goes wrong”. The body going wrong would assume that it is doing something against its own interests and contrary to its received information.

All processes that happen in the body are a result of the input it has; it would be impossible for the body to act in a way that is not aligned with what it senses. So, if this is the case, why does the body do things like pain, fracture, colic, and dizziness? They are bad, right?

What is bad and good are not always aligned with what is right and wrong or perhaps more accurately “correct and incorrect”. Let’s take a fever for example. A fever is uncomfortable, unpleasant, and what you might consider “bad”, but it is actually very healthy and correct.

The fever is the body raising the temperature of the internal environment so as to assist in the destruction and clearing of the infection present. The higher temperature can create a less desirable environment for the foreign bacteria or virus replication and also activates immune cascades and enzyme activity required to kill and clear infection.

In conventional medicine, the patient may take drugs to suppress the fever to make them feel more comfortable. Suppression of the fever however will only prolong the time, energy, and resources needed to recover.

This in turn can have longer lasting effects such as reducing the ability of the immune system to act quickly when presented with the same or similar infectious agents again. (1) Osteopathically it would be more suitable to allow the fever to run its course and remove any barrier to it taking place well.

Conclusion: Osteopathic advice for a patient with a fever could simply be to make them as comfortable as possible such as cooling cloths or soft bedding and providing the body with the necessary input to do a fever well such as water, electrolytes, and safe space to rest.

Removing Barriers

The essence of Osteopathic thinking is to remove the barriers and blockages to allow the body to function. This could be as obvious as clearing backed-up fluid in the lymphatics or more subtle such as finding the problem in the negative feedback loop of thyroid function.

Barriers often occur due to external trauma. This requires a clear understanding of the trauma and how it occurred in order to deduce why the body has made the adjustments it has.

The OAB (Osteopathic Articular Balancing) taught at LCAO is a classical Osteopathic approach that provides the neurological higher centers with feedback. When we use a rhythmical and repetitive oscillation of the joints, the body receives proprioceptive and nociceptive feedback without any active involvement from motor activity (or at least reduced activity).

This offers a mirror of sorts for the higher center to decide if the current ‘behavior’ is still appropriate or if it is using energy and vital resources unnecessarily.

 

 

A pattern of altered function could occur from a minor strain. If a horse refuses a jump and stops at the fence, they can quite easily strain their neck in their attempt to avoid collision and regain their balance.

If this neck strain caused a compression of the transverse foramina (route of the spinal nerve root) on one side of the neck let’s say at C5 to C7, then this would compress the roots of the musculocutaneous nerve.

The Biceps brachii muscle is innervated by this nerve; if the signals (afferent and efferent) are being disturbed by root compression then the biceps may not function adequately. One might see a weakness in forelimb protraction or difficulty with hills or jumping as this muscle plays an important role in elbow flexion and limb protraction.

The strain in the neck may have long since recovered but the altered signals to the forelimb have then created a facilitation at the spinal center forming a positive feedback loop sustaining the weakness and altered function.

To remove the “barrier” to health in this case, the Osteopath can interrupt this feedback loop thereby allowing the neural center at that spinal level to process that the bicep isn’t injured. This can be done by articulating the spinal levels into gapping the foramina and decompressing the nerve roots. We know that nerves can be altered by compression, torsion, stretch, and an altered environment.

What is Actually Happening in Animal Osteopathy?

When I am treating, owners will often ask what is happening under my hands and will want to know what I’m feeling. This is understandable as not only is the animal very important to them but they are investing their money in us and animals are expensive even when healthy.

As described above, it wouldn’t make sense to try and discuss the exact pathophysiology and action of intervention but it serves well to have a way of describing things in a way digestible by anyone.

Here is a taster for you. Plus, this could be handy for those of you already studying who want a way of talking to your patient’s owners.

Let us assume that we are performing OAB to the hind limb of an amateur showjumping horse and we detect through our repeated rotations and oscillations that there is a hard, taught end feel on stifle joint extension. Through our thorough understanding of the joint range of motion, we know that the stifle is not reaching full passive range. (that’s some of the good stuff in our courses).

We combine this finding with the fact that on palpation, the hamstrings on that same side were rigid, observation showed those hamstrings to be somewhat less developed, and on active movement, there was less limb protraction and tracking up that side too. The history described a tendency to put in stops at some jumps.

When a horse stops suddenly at the last pace of approach to a jump, they will sit their weight back onto the hind quarters and the hamstrings suddenly take much more weight than normal. At the same time, the hind legs can slip forward creating an eccentric contraction in the hamstrings. It is very easy to strain muscle that is in eccentric contraction, especially when that occurs quickly.

A case like this may not appear lame and therefore a Vet may suggest Osteopathy. The paces are however affected and the effects of the chronic pattern of asymmetry could lead to other dysfunctions and difficulties.

We would explain to the owner that despite not showing lameness, there is an altered movement pattern that seems to be related to a previous hamstring strain that has led to a tightening of that side. We of course know this would be called hypertonicity but sometimes owners are not interested in all the science jargon.

We can use OAB to approach the pathological barrier (hypertonic end feel) using repetitive gentle and rhythmical movement. This sends information back to the spinal levels where the nerve roots for the hamstrings arise.

We can explain to owners that not all information going to the central nervous system needs to go to the brain for processing. Some information is processed at the spinal cord and these are called spinal higher centers.

Although we might not go into the exact details of the muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs, we can describe how there are structures located within the muscle tissues and tendons that detect stretch and load.

We can then talk about how the act of moving the limb passively (without the horse activating muscle) can gradually take the tissues beyond that dysfunctional tone, those neural structures in the muscle and tendon tissues then relay this new (more functional) position to the higher centers.

As there is no (or less) pain perception and no further damage being detected, the higher centers relay signals back to the tissues to accommodate the new position and reduce tone. We can describe how this takes good palpation from the practitioner to feel the slightest changes and not push beyond the barrier staying in the rhythm of the tissue recoil found.

The barrier we removed with Osteopathy here was the continuous feedback loop from muscle tissue to the spinal center and back again. Of course, we may have found that the spinal center had dysfunction due to some altered vertebral positioning.

In that case, we could interrupt the feedback loop by adjusting that instead, thereby allowing the processing center to actually get the correct information and put out the correct signals to the peripheral tissues.

This is just one-way Osteopathy “treats”.

The Non-physical Stuff – Effect of Animal Osteopathy?

Do you remember earlier I mentioned things like happiness and social connection? Well, that indeed fits into the Osteopathic paradigm of health. At LCAO we teach about animal behavior and psychology and often discuss these subjects in our blogs.

The Osteopathic Paradigm looks at the whole animal inclusive of mind and body. To be truly healthy, psychological and social needs must be met. While it could be argued to be somewhat physicality bias, even Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs describes how the social and psychological aspects of one’s nature are essential considerations in living well.

 

 

As things stand within the practice of Animal Osteopathy, it can be tricky to navigate some of these areas as our scope of practice is not as defined as some practitioners. General advice and recommendations based on evidence and critical thinking are of course within the realm of the Osteopath. A dog who is suffering stress from isolation and separation anxiety while the owners are out working could develop stereotypical behaviors such as furniture chewing, pacing, or even self-harm.

 

 

The Osteopath may be called to the dog who is showing musculoskeletal signs of strain but the barrier to health here could be the repetitive strain of the isolation behaviors. Removing that barrier to health could be as simple as suggesting an owner work from home when possible or organize doggy daycare.

While we can still manually treat patterns of strain, the maintaining factors behavioral and psychological are addressed from the advice given. Even referral counts as Osteopathic treatment.

The job of the Osteopath could be to refer to a practitioner who has more scope in the area of behavior. Forming a link with trainers, behavior consultants and other experts in that field is a great boon to any animal therapy business.

This article really only scratches the surface of Animal Osteopathy and its practice. The best Osteopaths are perpetual students who know that the learning is never over. To learn about the interconnectedness of the animal’s being and how Osteopathy can help them, get in touch with LCAO to find out about our range of courses.

To learn more about a career in animal osteopathy, click here 

Resources

1. Sylwia Wrotek, Edmund K LeGrand, Artur Dzialuk, and Joe Alcock; 2020; Evol Med Public Health. 2021; 9(1): 26–3; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7717216/

Acorn Toxicity in Horses: Risks, Symptoms, and Prevention

By Siun Griffin, Equine Physiotherapist

Acorns, a common feature of oak trees, might seem harmless, but they pose a significant health risk to horses. Although acorn poisoning isn’t a daily concern for most horse owners, the threat increases dramatically during certain times of the year. Knowing how to recognize the signs and what to do in case of exposure can make all the difference in protecting your horse.

How Common Is Acorn Poisoning in Horses?

While acorn poisoning in horses is rare, ingestion can be a serious issue when it occurs. Acorn toxicity tends to be more common in areas where oak trees grow abundantly. Horses are curious grazers, and they may consume acorns when they fall in large quantities, especially during the fall.

When Are Horses Most at Risk?

The risk of acorn poisoning is highest in the autumn, from September through November, when oak trees shed their acorns. During this time, acorns, as well as oak leaves and buds, are more likely to be ingested by grazing horses. Horses may be drawn to them when other forage is limited, making acorn poisoning a seasonal concern.

While many horses will not consume many acorns due to their bitter taste, some develop a taste for them and will eat as many as they can when available.

Why Are Acorns Toxic to Horses?

Acorns contain tannins, a compound that can be harmful to horses when consumed in large amounts. Tannins are also present in oak leaves and bark, and while horses might nibble on these parts of the tree, acorns tend to be consumed in greater quantities, posing a bigger risk. When ingested, these tannins can cause digestive upset, kidney damage, and even death in severe cases.

Signs and Symptoms of Acorn Poisoning

The symptoms of acorn poisoning can range in severity depending on how much has been consumed. Some common signs to look out for include:

Colic: Abdominal pain is one of the first signs that something is wrong. If your horse appears restless, kicks at its stomach, or rolls, it could be experiencing colic.

• Diarrhoea: In some cases, horses may develop severe diarrhoea, which can lead to dehydration if not treated promptly.
• Constipation: Interestingly, other horses may experience the opposite and suffer from constipation.
• Lethargy: A horse affected by acorn poisoning may become weak or lethargic.
• Dehydration: The loss of fluids, especially with diarrhoea, can result in severe dehydration.
• Loss of Appetite: Horses might stop eating or drinking due to gastrointestinal distress.
• Swelling: In extreme cases, swelling in the limbs or abdomen may occur as the body reacts to the toxins.

Acorn poisoning can also cause damage to the kidneys, which may not present visible symptoms right away but can lead to long-term health problems if not addressed.

What to Do if You Suspect Acorn Poisoning

If you suspect your horse has eaten a dangerous amount of acorns, it’s essential to act quickly. Here’s what you should do:

Remove Access: Immediately remove your horse from the area where acorns are present. This prevents further ingestion while you assess the situation.

Call Your Veterinarian: Contact a veterinarian as soon as possible. Acorn poisoning can escalate quickly, and your horse may require medical treatment, including fluids to manage dehydration, medication for colic, or additional support to protect the kidneys.

Monitor Symptoms: Keep a close eye on your horse for any signs of distress, colic, diarrhoea, or other symptoms. Even if your horse doesn’t appear to be affected initially, it’s wise to consult a vet for advice, as acorn poisoning can sometimes take time to manifest.

Follow Veterinary Advice: Your vet may recommend activated charcoal to help absorb toxins or provide IV fluids to prevent dehydration. In severe cases, hospitalization might be necessary.

Preventing Acorn Poisoning

Preventing acorn poisoning is far easier than treating it. Here are several strategies you can adopt:

Limit Access to Oak Trees: The most straightforward prevention method is to ensure your horses don’t graze near oak trees during the fall. You can fence off areas where acorns are plentiful or remove horses from those pastures during high-risk periods.

Regularly Clear Acorns: If it’s not practical to move your horses, regularly raking up and removing acorns from pastures will help minimize the risk. This can be labour-intensive but is an effective way to prevent poisoning.

Supplement Forage: If forage is scarce, horses may be more inclined to eat acorns. Ensuring your horses have adequate hay or other feed can reduce their desire to snack on potentially toxic plants.

Check for Oak Leaves: Acorn poisoning is not just limited to the nuts themselves. Oak leaves, especially in the spring and fall, can also be toxic, so monitor grazing areas for fallen leaves.

Acorn poisoning in horses, while not the most common type of equine toxicity, is a seasonal hazard that can cause significant health issues. By understanding the risks and taking preventive steps, you can greatly reduce the chances of your horse being affected. If you suspect your horse has ingested acorns and is showing symptoms, contacting your vet quickly is essential to prevent long-term damage or even death. With the right precautions, you can keep your horse safe during the acorn season.

For more information on how you can become an Equine Osteopath, click here

 

 

Resources:

Acorn poisoning in horses, British Horse Society, https://www.bhs.org.uk/horse-care-and-welfare/health-care-management/horse-health/equine-diseases/acorn-poisoning/

The Truth About Acorn Toxicity and Horses, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, https://vet.tufts.edu/news-events/news/truth-about-acorn-toxicity-and-horses

Potentially Deadly: Acorn Toxicity In Horses, Paulik Report, https://paulickreport.com/horse-care-category/potentially-deadly-acorn-toxicity-in-horses

By Siun Griffin, Veterinary Physiotherapist and LCAO Community Manager

As canine sports gain popularity, from agility and flyball to dock diving and herding, the demand for optimal performance and injury prevention in athletic dogs has surged. While traditional veterinary care remains essential, alternative therapies like osteopathy are becoming increasingly recognised for their ability to enhance physical function and reduce the risk of injury in dogs.

Osteopathy, a manual therapy that emphasises the body’s structural alignment, mobility, and interrelated systems, offers a holistic approach to improving canine sports performance.

Understanding Canine Osteopathy

Osteopathy is based on the principle that the body’s structure and function are intrinsically connected. In humans, osteopathy has long been used to treat musculoskeletal disorders, improve posture, and enhance overall health.

Canine osteopathy follows similar principles, focusing on the body’s mechanics, including bones, muscles, ligaments, and soft tissues, as well as how these systems work in harmony to support movement.

Osteopaths assess the dog’s entire musculoskeletal system, identifying areas of restriction, imbalance, or tension that could be hindering optimal function. The therapy involves gentle manipulation, stretching, and mobilization techniques designed to restore proper movement, balance, and circulation.

While the field of canine osteopathy is still developing, there is growing evidence to suggest that it can play a significant role in maintaining peak performance in active dogs.

The Physical Demands of Canine Sports

Athletic dogs are subjected to high levels of physical stress due to the rigorous demands of sports. Activities such as agility competitions, disc dog trials, and even endurance activities like canicross require rapid acceleration, frequent changes in direction, jumping, and sprinting – all of which put significant pressure on joints, tendons, ligaments, and muscles.

Increased physical stress heightens the risk of injury. Common issues in canine athletes include:

• Soft tissue injuries (e.g., muscle strains, ligament sprains)
• Joint instability
• Osteoarthritis due to wear and tear
• Back and neck pain from sudden movements or imbalances
• Tendonitis and bursitis

Addressing these issues is vital for dogs to maintain high performance and avoid long-term damage. Canine osteopathy helps to alleviate and prevent these injuries by ensuring that all body systems are functioning at their best.

Osteopathy and Biomechanics in Canine Athletes

One of the key benefits of osteopathy lies in its ability to optimise biomechanics. Proper biomechanics are essential for efficient, injury-free movement in all dogs, but especially in those involved in high-intensity sports. Osteopaths examine the entire body, with particular attention to any dysfunctions that might impair movement patterns or increase the risk of injury.

For example, poor posture or an abnormal gait can put excess strain on specific areas of the body, leading to compensatory imbalances elsewhere. If a dog is consistently placing more weight on one side of its body due to a subtle misalignment, it may lead to overuse injuries in that area, eventually causing performance issues or chronic pain.

Osteopathy addresses these imbalances, helping to realign the body and improve overall movement efficiency.

Additionally, restoring mobility in joints and soft tissues can enhance flexibility, which is especially important in sports that demand explosive movements and quick directional changes. Osteopathic techniques aimed at increasing joint range of motion also help reduce the likelihood of injury during intense physical activity.

Injury Prevention and Recovery

While osteopathy is often used for rehabilitation following an injury, its preventative benefits are equally valuable for canine athletes. Regular osteopathic sessions can identify potential problem areas before they become significant injuries.

Early intervention can prevent small issues, such as minor muscle strains or joint restrictions, from escalating into more serious conditions that could sideline a dog from competition for weeks or months.

For dogs recovering from an injury, osteopathy can aid in rehabilitation by promoting circulation, reducing inflammation, and enhancing tissue repair. Manipulative techniques encourage the removal of waste products from inflamed areas and help to reestablish healthy blood flow, which is essential for healing.

Additionally, osteopathy can be used alongside physical therapy and other rehabilitation techniques to ensure that dogs recover their full range of motion and strength.

Enhancing Performance through Osteopathy

Beyond injury prevention and recovery, osteopathy has been shown to enhance overall performance in canine athletes. By improving joint mobility, muscle flexibility, and postural alignment, osteopathy allows dogs to move more efficiently and with greater power. This can translate into faster times in agility courses, higher jumps, and better endurance during long-distance runs.

Moreover, osteopathy helps to reduce muscle tension and stress, which can improve focus and mental clarity in dogs during competition. Physical discomfort often leads to behavioral changes, such as hesitance or distraction, which can impact performance. Ensuring that dogs are free of physical restrictions can help them perform at their best, both physically and mentally.

Osteopathy as Part of a Comprehensive Care Plan

It is important to recognise that osteopathy is not a replacement for traditional veterinary care but rather a complementary therapy. Canine osteopathy should be integrated into a comprehensive care plan that includes regular veterinary check-ups, proper nutrition, conditioning exercises, and other forms of therapy when necessary (e.g., hydrotherapy, physiotherapy).

Owners of canine athletes should work closely with their veterinarians, osteopaths, and other specialists to develop a customised care plan tailored to their dog’s needs and the demands of the specific sport in which they compete. Regular osteopathic sessions, combined with a well-rounded conditioning program, can help maintain optimal health and performance throughout a dog’s sporting career.

Canine osteopathy offers a valuable, holistic approach to maintaining and improving the health and performance of athletic dogs. By addressing biomechanical imbalances, preventing injuries, and enhancing flexibility and strength, osteopathy can be an integral part of a dog’s overall care regimen.

For dogs competing in demanding sports, osteopathy provides a proactive and non-invasive way to ensure peak performance while minimising the risk of injury. As the field of canine osteopathy continues to evolve, it will likely play an increasingly important role in the care of canine athletes, helping them achieve new levels of success in their sporting endeavors.

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Osteopathy is an increasingly sought-after form of therapy, reflecting a broader shift towards holistic and alternative therapies in veterinary care.

This holistic approach to treating animals is gaining popularity as pet owner awareness increases. Complementary therapies are becoming more common, as evidence supporting the efficacy of osteopathy treatment for animals increases.

A significant driver of this growth is the equine market, where osteopathy has become an essential part of care for both performance and working horses.

 

The Equine Market: A Major Growth Driver

 

The demand for animal osteopathy is particularly strong in the equine market, where it has become a standard part of care for performance horses, such as those involved in racing, show jumping, and dressage. These horses are prone to musculoskeletal issues that can impair their performance and overall well-being.

It is also growing as riders and owners look for more holistic treatments for performance horses with tight competition rules regarding the use of medications around competition times.

The benefits of osteopathy in improving back pain, joint stiffness, and muscle imbalances have made it a crucial tool in the care of these valuable animals. According to a study involving 374 horses with suspected sacroiliac and/or hip joint dysfunction and back pain, only 15 horses did not show improvement after treatments (1).

Moreover, the equine market’s demand for osteopathic services extends beyond high-performance sports. Working horses, including those used in agriculture, police work, and therapy programs, also benefit from regular osteopathic care. These treatments help maintain their health and functionality, ensuring they can perform their duties effectively and with minimal discomfort.

 

The Growing Awareness and Acceptance of Holistic Animal Care

 

While the equine market is a major driver of demand, pet ownership is also on the rise globally, leading to increased care for small animals like dogs and cats. According to a 2023 report by Grand View Research, the global pet care market is expected to reach $350 billion by 2027, with an increasing portion of that expenditure being directed toward specialized and holistic treatments, such as animal osteopathy. (2)

Pet owners today are more informed and engaged with their pets’ well-being than ever before. They are increasingly seeking out alternative and complementary therapies that align with a more natural and preventive approach to health.

Animal osteopathy, which focuses on improving an animal’s health through the manipulation of muscles, bones, and joints, fits perfectly within this paradigm. This growing awareness is translating into a higher demand for trained professionals in the field.

 

Market Data Reflecting the Surge in Demand

 

Several key market indicators highlight the rising interest in animal osteopathy across different markets. A recent study by IBISWorld reports that the complementary and alternative veterinary care market, which includes services like osteopathy, has been growing at an annual rate of 7.5% over the past five years. This growth is expected to continue as more veterinary practices incorporate holistic treatments into their service offerings. (3)

Furthermore, the increasing number of training programs and certifications in animal osteopathy is another indicator of the field’s expansion. This surge in educational opportunities is both a response to and a driver of the growing demand, as more professionals seek to add osteopathic skills to their repertoire.

 

The Role of Scientific Research and Professional Endorsements

 

The legitimacy and credibility of animal osteopathy have been further bolstered by an expanding body of scientific research. Studies published in veterinary journals have begun to document the positive outcomes of osteopathic treatments, particularly in areas like pain management, mobility enhancement, and recovery from injury.

This growing body of evidence is particularly strong in the equine market, where osteopathy has been shown to improve not just physical performance, but also the quality of life for aging or injured horses.

Professional endorsements and the inclusion of osteopathy in veterinary practices are also playing a critical role in driving demand. As more veterinarians incorporate osteopathic techniques into their practice, often through collaboration with trained osteopaths, the profile of the profession continues to rise. This has the dual effect of increasing the visibility of osteopathy to pet owners and encouraging more veterinary professionals to seek training in this area.

 

Looking Ahead: The Future of Animal Osteopathy

 

The future of animal osteopathy looks promising, with demand set to continue its upward trajectory. As more pet owners embrace a holistic approach to their animals’ health, and as more professionals enter the field, the availability and accessibility of osteopathic treatments for animals are likely to increase. This growth will not only benefit pets and their owners but also provide new opportunities for veterinary practices and animal healthcare professionals.

For those considering a career in this burgeoning field, the timing couldn’t be better. The rising demand for animal osteopathy presents a unique opportunity to be at the forefront of a movement that is redefining animal healthcare.

Whether you are a veterinary professional looking to expand your skill set or a business seeking to tap into this growing market, the momentum behind animal osteopathy shows no signs of slowing down.

The rising demand for animal osteopathy is a reflection of broader trends in animal healthcare, including the increasing acceptance of holistic treatments and the growing commitment of pet owners to their animals’ well-being.

For more information on our animal osteopathy programs, click here

 

References:

1. Bechtel, K. M., & Lewin, C. R. (2008). Case reports: Effect of osteopathic manipulations on performance in 374 horses with suspected sacroiliac and/or hip joint dysfunction and back pain (2006–2007). *Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 28*(4), 229-237. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/201798894_Case_Reports_Effect_of_osteopathic_manipulations_on_performance_in_374_horses_with_suspected_sacroiliac_andor_hip_joint_dysfunction_and_back_pain_2006_-2007
2. Grand View Research. (2024). *Pet care market size, share & trends analysis report by product (food, grooming, healthcare), by animal type (dogs, cats, others), by distribution channel, by region, and segment forecasts, 2024 – 2030*. Grand View Research. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/pet-care-market
3. IBISWorld. Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Care.

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