Category Archives: Equine & Canine Osteopathy

Center of Gravity – Riding Horses in Balance and Harmony

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By Chris Bates M.Ost EEBW BHSAI

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Riding horses can look effortless and easy when performed by some of the best riders out there. Those of us normal mortals though, understand that riding is far from easy.

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When you watch a horse and rider moving together in harmony, the signals given by the rider and the communication between them look almost invisible and there seems to be a psychic link from rider to mount.

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Much of the fluidity that we see in the experienced rider and their schoolmaster comes from establishing balance and ease of movement before the aids used to communicate are refined to higher levels.

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What Does Center of Gravity Mean?

The centre of gravity is a phrase many of us may have heard from our instructors, not just horse riding requires an awareness and control over the centre of gravity. So, what does it mean?

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Well, the idea is actually often misconstrued and poorly understood leaving many people seeking clarification on why it’s so important. Some think that the centre of gravity is where it is and that’s it, you have to feel it and then work around that.

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Well, actually the centre of gravity (COG) is not a physical object sitting inside you somewhere, nor is it stationary. COG is a point around which our weight and movement combine to a balance. Confused?… GOOD! Confusion is the best place to start learning from.

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Some describe the COG as the “Average location of the weight of an object” (Hall, 2022). We could go on for an entire book’s worth of description but this is just an article so I won’t beat around the bush with too much science jargon.

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Center of Gravity – Horse Riding

Being the “average” position of the weight of the object, you can imagine that this imaginary point sits as the balance whereby the rider or horse has an equal mass/weight left to right, front to back, above and below that point.

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One should look at this point three-dimensionally, many textbooks and riding manuals will depict the image from a lateral (side on) view and it can appear that the point only relates to the gravitational forces between the forehand and hind end.

 

 

The horse’s COG is roughly located level with its heart, below the withers, and centrally from a sagittal view. However, this alters with movement and posture. If the horse raises their head, the COG shifts backward and will consequently shift forward when lowering the head.

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The COG can be different depending on the type and breed of horse, their muscular development and weight, their conformation, and their hoof angles.

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Horse Rider Center of Gravity

The rider has a center of gravity roughly located at the level of the naval slightly posterior to it and centrally. There is little point discussing how this may differ when not sitting on the horse as this has no effect on riding.

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The rider COG of course will also be affected by the movement and configuration of their body just as the horse is.

 

 

Why Does COG Matter in Horse Riding

So why is this point so important to good riding? All disciplines and styles of riding require a combination of the same factors: Balance, Rhythm, impulsion, suppleness, responsiveness, and then other factors to refine specific goals.

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If the rider sits with their COG located above the horse’s COG then the horse will not have to alter their way of movement to accommodate unevenness.

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Should the horse need to adapt to a rider sitting behind the COG for example, then this could encourage a high head carriage, shifting the horse’s COG back and hollowing the back, this, in turn, makes impulsion much harder to achieve.

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Many riders will perch forward in their riding position due to inexperience or apprehension; this shifts their COG towards the horse’s head. In response, the horse needs to lower their head bringing all their forward energy onto the forehand. Horse’s on the forehand will lack hind end engagement and also risk stopping at jumps.

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An Example

I used to teach a rider who had an old hip injury that had healed poorly leaving her with more weight distributed into her left seat bone (Ischial tuberosity for you anatomy nerds) when riding.

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Her left stirrup was longer by two holes and this felt balanced to her. She had altered herself, unknowingly, to move her COG to the left as her right hip mobility was severely limited.

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When we sit in the saddle, there is a certain amount of hip flexibility required to allow for combined flexion, abduction and external rotation of the femur. As this rider’s right hip was very restricted in abduction and external rotation, she was physically forced to a deeper seat on her left.

 

 

This rider’s horse was a very accommodating mount and was well behaved but had to alter his posture to compensate. His COG was noticeably further left to “pick up” her imbalance.

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His left lateral shift of COG meant that he needed to hold a right bend constantly to maintain his balance. The right bend caused inability to pick up left canter, lack of impulsion on left rein and even right rein problems such as reduced shoulder protraction and falling out through the shoulder.

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In Osteopathy, we also understand Fryette’s laws of spinal motion and the rider fit in with these perfectly. The rider had a right side bend in her spine, this was then combined with left rotation (as per Fryette’s principles).

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The left rotation created rein length discrepancy and stiff upper body mechanics (when one plane of movement is engaged, the other planes will be reduced).  The horse also had a rotation in the cervical spine to the left as this was a compensation to maintain eye level and inner equilibrium.

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So How Do I Help Fix Balance and Harmony?

All of this can make it sound as if it would be far too difficult to ride well as it seems the tiniest of COG shifts can make a whole string of compensations. Well, there is good news and bad news.

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• Bad news – YES, riding is very hard to get mastery over.
• Good news – There are some really easy ways to help and things to remember.

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Always remember that nothing in the human or horse body is 100% even and equal from side to side, front to back. Even cells have asymmetry in their organelles and shape.

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You don’t need to become obsessed with absolute perfection because such a thing doesn’t exist. That is what makes the sport such fun, all people and horses are different and the aim is to just find the most effective, natural, balanced and ethical way to work with the horse.

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Easy thing 1:

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Get someone to take some photos of you riding. Get photos and or video riding and standing. The idea would be to cover all the basics by getting a view of front and back, left and right and ensure you get all your strides and maybe even jump.

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This is a great way to look at your own riding and see for yourself how to alter it for the better. There are even some great products on the market that mean you can film yourself using a phone or camera on a stand that follows your movement around the arena.

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If you trust the opinion of the person taking the footage, they may also be able to tell you what they observe in real-time.

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Easy thing 2:

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Hire a good instructor. A teacher who has a good understanding of biomechanics can help with advising on how to alter your position to ride more in balance. British Horse Society (BHS) qualified instructors and accredited coaches are trained in rider balance and recognizing faults.

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Many instructors will work closely with your Farrier, Vet, Osteopath, and Physiotherapist to ensure that musculoskeletal, hoof health, dental, and tack are all adjusted to provide balance and evenness.

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Easy thing 3:

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Mirrors!

It sounds simple but riding somewhere that has mirrors is an excellent way to see for yourself if you are sitting correctly. Perhaps combine number 2 and 3 and hire your instructor at a location with school mirrors.

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Easy thing 4:

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Call your Animal Osteopath!

Your qualified Animal Osteopath can do static and dynamic assessments of your horse and ascertain if there are some physical barriers to them keeping their COG where it would be most functional.

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Osteopaths can identify a variety of factors that could be affecting your horse’s way of moving and have the skills to work with their system to aim for alignment that is most conducive to healthy, balanced riding.

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Don’t forget that seeing an Osteopath yourself can do all of that for you too! The rider is 50% of the relationship.

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To learn more about how you can become an Animal Osteopath, click here

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Bibliography:

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Clayton, H.M., MacKechnie-Guire, R. and Hobbs, S.J. (2023). Riders’ Effects on Horses—Biomechanical Principles with Examples from the Literature. Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI, [online] 13(24), p.3854. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13243854.

Hall, N. (2022). Center of Gravity. [online] Glenn Research Center | NASA. Available at: https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/center-of-gravity/#:~:text=The%20center%20of%20gravity%20is%20the%20average%20location%20of%20the.

Spickard, S. (2022). Rider Biomechanics: Exercises to Correct Asymmetry in the Saddle. [online] NOËLLE FLOYD. Available at: https://www.noellefloyd.com/blogs/sport/part-3-exercises-to-correct-asymmetry-in-the-saddle.

www.equiculture.net. (2021). How to find your (horse riding) Centre of Gravity (CoG). [online] Available at: https://www.equiculture.net/blog/hrm-how-to-get-in-touch-with-your-centre-of-gravity.

Cooling Hot Dogs: Myths and Facts

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As temperatures rise, it’s crucial to keep our canine companions cool to prevent heat-related illnesses. Unfortunately, many myths about cooling dogs persist, potentially putting them at risk.

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Myth 1: Cold Water Causes Shock and Bloat

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Fact

A common myth suggests that giving dogs ice water can cause shock or bloat. Dr. Tina Wismer, medical director at the ASPCA’s Animal Poison Control Center, and Dr. Michael Tuder, owner, and director of four animal hospitals in Hudson County, N.J. both state that this is false information. (2)

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The only potential issue with providing ice cubes is the potential choking hazard which can possibly damage teeth, so care should be taken on how you provide your dog with ice.

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This is not supported by scientific evidence. Dogs can safely drink ice water, and it can actually help cool them down.

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Correct Method

Providing dogs with cool, fresh water, and adding ice cubes can help maintain the water’s temperature longer, making it more appealing and effective in cooling. Ensure that the dog drinks at a moderate pace to avoid gulping.

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Ensure the ice used is safe to avoid a choking hazard.

 

Myth 2: NOT Shaving Dogs with Thick Fur or Double Coats Will Keep Them Cooler

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Fact

This is a common myth that always creates a stir even when experts, such as Dr. David Marlin bring up correct scientific ways to cool dogs. The old, and incorrect, argument is that double coats actually regulate the dog’s temperature, helping them keep cool.

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To add the controversy – if you really think about it – how? It is not physically possible for a thick, double coat to cool the dog. A coat designed to keep the dog warm and protected in harsher and colder climates where the breed originated from.

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Another issue that is incorrectly spread is that shaving a double coat ruins it and it will not grow back properly. In reality, this rarely happens and dogs find great relief from fur removal when it is hot. The welfare of the dog should be the top priority over what is essentially something cosmetic.

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Correct Method

Regular grooming and brushing to remove excess fur and mats can help improve air circulation through their coat, aiding in natural cooling. However, if it is very hot and you have a dog with a thick or double coat that is clearly uncomfortable, such as lots of panting even when resting, shave their coat to give them relief. (1)

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It may not look as beautiful as its full coat, but you will have a happier, healthier dog and reduce the risk of heat stroke which is life-threatening.

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Myth 3: A Fan Alone Can Adequately Cool a Hot Dog

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Fact

While fans can provide some relief by increasing air movement, dogs primarily cool themselves through panting, and not sweating. Fans alone are often insufficient for cooling a dog, especially in high heat.

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Correct Method

Combine the use of fans with other cooling techniques such as providing a cool, shaded area and using damp, cool cloths on the dog’s body. Cooling mats can also be beneficial as they offer a consistent cool surface for the dog to lie on.

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However, the above should be used with caution when you are trying to keep a dog comfortable and are not the best methods to use if you have an overheating dog on the verge of or that is suffering from heat stroke. This is an emergency situation.

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These dogs need immediate cooling and the best way is to immerse them in cold water the best you can, such as hosing them off and to contact your veterinarian to immediate treatment.

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New research has resulted in the Royal Veterinary College calling for updates to the first aid advice that is still prevalent but outdated, despite the American College of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care’s Veterinary Committee on Trauma guidelines issued in 2016 with the best practice protocols.

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The RVC is advising “cool first, transport second as the immediate first aid response for dogs with heatstroke.” (3)

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Myth 4: Dogs Can Tolerate Heat Better Than Humans

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Fact

Dogs are actually more prone to heat stress than humans because they have fewer sweat glands and primarily cool off through panting and limited sweating through their paw pads. This makes them less efficient at dissipating heat.

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Correct Method

Avoid strenuous exercise during peak heat hours, provide plenty of water, and ensure access to shade. Use cooling mats, and cold surfaces, such as concrete or tiles in shade and fans.

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Key Steps for Effective Cooling

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• Hydration: Always ensure that your dog has access to fresh, cool water. Ice cubes can help keep the water cooler for longer periods.
• Cool Water Application: Wet your dog’s coat with cool water.
• Cooling Mats and Cold Floors: Use specially designed cooling mats that can be soaked in water and retain a cool temperature for an extended period. Provide a cold surface in the shade or in the house for the dog to rest on.
• Shade and Ventilation: Keep your dog in a shaded area with good airflow. Use fans in combination with other cooling methods to enhance their effect.
• Avoid Hot Surfaces: Hot pavement can burn a dog’s paw pads and increase body temperature. Walk your dog on grass and only during cooler parts of the day. Keep walks to a minimum in high temperatures, especially for dogs more prone to suffer the effects of the heat.
• Shave thick coats: Many dogs with thick coats will benefit from shaved coats in hot weather.
• Don’t leave dogs in the car: Despite the warnings every year, many dogs die from being left in the car in hot weather. Even a few minutes is not safe. It is best to leave dogs at home.

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Heat stress is an emergency, which we will cover more in another article.

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Final Thoughts

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Cooling dogs effectively requires debunking myths and relying on scientifically proven methods. Providing access to cool water, using cooling mats, and ensuring shade and ventilation are key steps in managing a dog’s temperature.

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As well as keeping dogs out of the heat as much as possible. Understanding and recognizing the signs of heat stress can prevent serious health issues, ensuring that our canine companions stay safe and comfortable in hot weather.

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For more information on how you can become a Canine Osteopath, click here

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Resources

1. Managing dogs in HOT weather, Dr. David Marlin, https://askanimalweb.com/managing-dogs-in-hot-weather/?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR39bhLupPSjioXcj6UmHMbYCplU1dPuy4DIwRtaL2w5GfZGsBqIN02P4DA_aem_hSL8Wru_qnLIEweTczOYrA
2. Will Ice Cubes and Ice Water Kill Your Dog This Summer?

https://abcnews.go.com/Lifestyle/truth-ice-water-dogs/story?id=24231633

3. The RVC urges owners of hot dogs to “cool first, transport second”, 20 Jul 2023. https://www.rvc.ac.uk/vetcompass/news/the-rvc-urges-owners-of-hot-dogs-to-cool-first-transport-second?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR3LIBaS3elDrfLj0xRd6ZcIyM8aZmWIhvCMU4BU3x27Vowlih5NIM3jXr0_aem_AvcutekAH-fgdNR28_m1Aw
4. Hall et al. (2023) “Cooling Methods Used to Manage Heat-Related Illness in Dogs Presented to Primary Care Veterinary Practices during 2016–2018 in the UK”

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Cooling Hot Horses: The Right Way & Busting Myths

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Cooling down a horse after intense exercise or in hot weather is crucial for its health and well-being. There are numerous myths surrounding the best practices for cooling horses, some of which can be detrimental. Here we’ll take a look at some of the common misconceptions and the best way to cool a hot horse.

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Myth 1: Cold Water Will Cause Muscle Cramping or Shock

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Fact

One of the most pervasive myths is that using cold water to cool a hot horse will cause muscle cramps, colic, or even shock the horse’s system. This is not true. Studies have shown that using cold water is the most effective method for reducing a horse’s body temperature. The key is to apply it rapidly and consistently.

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Correct Method

Hose the horse down with cold water, focusing on covering as much of the horse as possible, don’t start with the legs; another myth. Continuous application of cold water helps dissipate heat efficiently. Keep applying continuous cool water for several minutes if necessary, according to Dr. David Marlin. (1)

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Myth 2 – Not Scraping Off Water Traps Heat

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Fact

One misconception is that you need to scrape off excess water as it will ‘insulate’ the horse and trap heat. In fact, this isn’t true. Scraping off only slows the cooling process.

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Correct Method

If your horse is hot from working or being outside in the heat, you need to cool them as quickly as possible. Keep applying cool water without scraping to do this as quickly as possible. You should continue to do this until the horse shows signs of being more comfortable.

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Reapplying fresh, cold water helps maintain the cooling effect the most efficiently. A study found that not scraping body temperature reduction was greater. (2) This process should be repeated until the horse’s temperature decreases to a safe level. If it is very hot, cooling with water and then not scrapping at all will help maintain the cooling effect longer.

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For example, think about going swimming on a really hot day. When you get out of the water will you stay more comfortably cool longer if you towel yourself off or not? Leaving the water on yourself will keep you cooler for longer.

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Myth 3: Walking the Horse Until It Dries is the Best Way to Cool Down

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Fact

While walking a horse can help prevent stiffness and aid in the cooling process, it is not the most effective standalone method for rapidly cooling a hot horse. In high temperatures, this method alone may not sufficiently reduce the horse’s body temperature.

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Correct Method

Combining walking with cold water hosing is more effective. After hosing the horse, walking can help maintain circulation and aid in overall recovery, but should not replace active cooling methods like cold water application.

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Myth 4: Natural Cooling (Shade and Air Movement) is Sufficient

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Fact

While shade and air movement can assist in cooling, they are often insufficient on their own, especially after intense exercise or in extreme heat. Horses generate significant body heat during exercise, and relying solely on passive cooling methods can lead to overheating and heat stress.

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Correct Method

Active cooling methods should be combined with natural cooling strategies. After applying cold water and walking the horse, ensure it has access to shade and a well-ventilated area. Fans can also be used to enhance airflow and help evaporate sweat more effectively.

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Key Steps for Effective Cooling:

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• Immediate Cold Water Application: Use a hose or buckets of cold water to douse the horse
• Monitor Temperature: Regularly check the horse’s rectal temperature to ensure it returns to a safe level (below 102°F or 38.9°C).
• Post-Cooling Care: After the initial cooling, walk the horse to promote circulation and muscle relaxation. Provide access to shade and water, and consider using fans to increase airflow.
• Hydration: Ensure the horse has plenty of fresh water to drink. Electrolyte solutions can help replace salts lost through sweating.

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Final Thoughts

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Proper cooling techniques are essential for the health and performance of horses, especially in hot weather or after strenuous exercise. Debunking common myths and applying scientifically backed methods ensures that horses recover safely and efficiently. Always prioritize immediate and effective cooling methods, such as cold water application, and combine them with supportive measures like walking and proper hydration. By following these guidelines, horse owners can prevent heat-related illnesses and keep their equine companions healthy and comfortable.

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For more information on how you can become an Equine Osteopath, click here 

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Resources

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1. Best Practice for Horses in a Heatwave, Dr David Marlin

https://askanimalweb.com/best-practice-for-horses-in-a-heatwave/?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR0UeuSNVXZ61op0YF9nd4tCnWSQjvcIg6Qits1sZ2IO99EzVGZozRLGk_k_aem_vaKepwKo1Dz1QbELNE_e3g

.    2.      Relinquish the Sweat Scraper to Best Cool Horses, By Kentucky Equine Research Staff

https://ker.com/equinews/relinquish-the-sweat-scraper-to-best-cool-horses/

3.      Kang, H., R.R. Zsoldos, J.E. Skinner, J.B. Gaughan, and A.S. Guitart. 2021. Comparison of   post-exercise cooling methods in horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science:103485.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0737080621001155

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The Shoulder of the Dog: Anatomy and Functional Adaptations

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The shoulder of the dog is a complex anatomical structure that plays a crucial role in the animal’s mobility and agility. Understanding these components is essential for appreciating the dog’s evolutionary adaptations for running and hunting.

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Muscles of the Dog’s Shoulder

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The shoulder muscles in dogs are responsible for a wide range of movements, including flexion, extension, abduction, and rotation. Key muscles include:

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1. Deltoid Muscle: This muscle covers the shoulder joint and is involved in flexing the limb and lifts the humerus. It originates:

• On the scapular spine and inserts on the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus.
• At the acromion inserting into the deltoid tuberosity

It inserts at the humeral crest.

 

 

2. Supraspinatus Muscle: Originating on the supraspinous fossa of the scapula spine and inserting at the greater tubercle of the humerus, this muscle aids in the extension and flexion. It is one of the muscles that works to stabilize the shoulder joint. Active dogs are prone to injuring this muscle.

 

 

3. Infraspinatus Muscle: Found in the infraspinous fossa of the scapula, it functions as flexion and abduction of the forelimb. It originates at the infraspinous fossa and the scapula spine. It runs down the shoulder blade before crossing over to the humerus, where it inserts. The muscles works closely with the supraspinatus and are important for shoulder stabilization.

 

 

4. Subscapularis Muscle: Situated on the subscapular fossa, this muscle helps in the internal rotation of the humerus and also provides joint stability. It inserts at the coracobrachial muscle on the lesser tubercle of the humerus after crossing the shoulder joint. It adducts and extends the shoulder and helps keep flexion.

 

5. Coracobrachialis Muscle: It originates from the distal part of the scapula and inserts at the proximal part of the humerus. It helps stabilize the joint and adduct the shoulder.

 

 

6. Teres Major and Minor Muscles:  The major originates at the caudal margin of the scapula and inserts at the body of the humerus. The minor originates at the distal infraspinous fossa and infraglenoid tubercle, inserting at the teres minor tuberosity. Both muscles work to keep the shoulder stable and flex.

 

 

Absence of the Clavicle in Dogs

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Unlike humans and many other mammals, dogs do not possess a bony clavicle. Instead, they have a vestigial structure that is not connected to other bones but is embedded within the muscles of the shoulder. The absence of a functional clavicle in dogs allows for greater flexibility and range of motion in the forelimbs. This anatomical adaptation is particularly advantageous for running and leaping, as it enables the scapula to move freely in a dorsoventral direction, increasing stride length and efficiency.

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Functional Implications

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The combination of powerful muscles, robust ligaments, and flexible tendons allows dogs to perform a variety of complex and dynamic movements. The musculoskeletal design of the shoulder is optimized for speed and endurance, reflecting the evolutionary pressures of predation and survival.

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The lack of a clavicle contributes significantly to the efficiency of the canine gait. It reduces the weight of the shoulder girdle and minimizes resistance during limb movement. This adaptation is crucial for endurance running, which is a key survival strategy for many canine species.

 

Final Thoughts

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The shoulder of the dog is a remarkable example of evolutionary specialization. Its unique structure, characterized by the absence of a clavicle and the presence of well-developed muscles, ligaments, and tendons, underpins the dog’s exceptional locomotive capabilities. Understanding these anatomical features provides insight into the functional adaptations that have enabled dogs to thrive in diverse environments.

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Resources

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1. Dyce, K. M., Sack, W. O., & Wensing, C. J. G. (2017). Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy. Saunders.

2. Evans, H. E., & de Lahunta, A. (2013). Miller’s Anatomy of the Dog. Saunders.

3. Hermanson, J. W., de Lahunta, A., & Evans, H. E. (2019). Miller and Evans Anatomy of the Dog: E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.

4. IMAIOS, vet-Anatomy

5. Anatomy, biomechanics, physiology, diagnosis and treatment of teres major strains in the canine, Laurie Edge-Hughes.

 

By Siun Griffin, Veterinary Physiotherapist and LCAO Community Manager 

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Animal holistic health practitioners, including osteopaths, physiotherapists, acupuncturists, and other complementary therapists, possess unique skills that can significantly enhance the well-being of animals.

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Specialized knowledge in alternative therapies can be a powerful asset in the realm of animal welfare, particularly in supporting animals that have been rescued from neglect, abuse, or abandonment.

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The Role of Holistic Health in Animal Welfare

 

Holistic health focuses on treating the whole being – physically, emotionally, and mentally – rather than just addressing specific symptoms. This comprehensive approach is particularly beneficial for animals in rescue and rehabilitation settings, where the challenges they face are often multifaceted.

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Key Areas Where Holistic Health Practitioners Can Help

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1. Physical Rehabilitation and Pain Management

Animals rescued from adverse conditions often suffer from injuries, chronic pain, or musculoskeletal issues. Animal osteopaths and physiotherapists can provide targeted treatments that promote healing and relieve pain.

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Techniques such as joint mobilizations, soft tissue massage, and tailored exercise programs can significantly improve an animal’s mobility and comfort, enhancing their quality of life and increasing their adaptability.

 

 

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Whether showjumping, eventing or jumping for fun, jumping horses is a thrilling activity and the horses often thoroughly enjoy it too. Jumping is certainly one of the more intensive physical activities that we do with our horses and so it makes sense to fully understand what the horse is going through and how it can affect them, this way we as owners and riders can ensure that the horse doesn’t undergo unnecessary strain or stress.

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Equine jumping is an athletically demanding movement whereby the horse completely leaves the ground usually to navigate over an obstacle although in the wild, this can also be to evade predation. There are numerous considerations when attempting to jump a horse safely and correctly:

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• Age of the horse
• Level of training (horse and rider)
• Type of obstacle
• Surrounding environment
• Surface
• Light
• Fitness of the horse
• Foot health and shoeing
• Tack worn
• Ongoing health issues or injuries

The list could go on and on. Essentially, it is important to go into this discipline prepared and educated.

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Let us look at the equine jump in more detail. There are 5 phases to the equine jump, the approach, take off, flight, landing, and away. There is a substantial amount of effort from the horse to ascertain the height and depth of the jump and to judge its safety on the surface which can often lead to accidents if these are not suitable.

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The Approach:

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Preparation is key here. During this phase, the horse is judging its speed, power, and impulsion to clear the jump safely. Riders will need to consider the “line” which is the straightness and angle taken in approaching the jump. The line can, with training, become more angled and shorter for more advanced and challenging jumping courses. However, in the early stages, a straight and perpendicular approach to the obstacle allows the horse the best chance to plan and assess their movements. The pace in approach will most often be canter, trot can be used to approach the majority of the line in some training scenarios but the last pace to gather in preparation for take-off will usually be a canter stride. The pace should hold a good rhythm, and balance and have enough impulsion. The rider should not interfere with the pace in approach, changes to the pace should be prior to obtaining the final line to the jump. Some trainers and instructors will provide a place pole in front of the jump (usually one pace space away, sometimes multiples) to educate the horse in rhythm and consistency.

 

 

Take off:

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His phase is when the horse gets the right foot placement to leave the ground and engage the adequate force to clear the jump. The horse essentially jumps twice, once with the front limbs and once with the hind. As force is transferred into the thoracic sling muscles and the tensegrity structures of the forelimb (see our last article on tensegrity), the elastic potential of these tissues allows for some lift as the horse then flexes the joints to raise the front legs. The horse will raise their head carriage and focus their ears and eyes on the jump at this point too. Once the elastic “spring” of the front has elevated the forequarters of the horse, the hind limbs will step under into the space cleared by the front legs. The height of the jump and the effort required will dictate how much compression the joints need to undergo to store potential energy. The hind feet will be placed close or even parallel and great force is exerted from powerful muscles such as the quadricep group and gastrocnemius and soleus.

 

 

Flight:

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The flight of the jump is where the feet are all off the ground and the forward momentum generated carries the horse and rider over the obstacle. Over the higher jumps, the horse will create a crescent shape called a “bascule” as it travels over the fence. At this point the rider can still actually affect the horse’s way of going by very subtle weight and rein aids; however, at the fundamental level, the rider should remain fairly passive here. In preparation for flight, the rider will begin to compress their position at take-off and during the flight will fold their position to maintain their body weight over the horse’s center of gravity.

 

 

Landing:

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During the landing, the horse’s entire body weight and the rider’s weight are momentarily placed through the front limbs. This is where strain injuries can be developed (more on that later). With a high degree of flexion of the spine and lumbosacral junction, the hind legs follow under the horse’s body and continue to propel the horse forward transferring the forces into traveling motion. The ground and surface integrity is of great importance here to ensure that the horse does not slip or get stuck.

 

 

The Away:

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One the horse has landed, there is a significant amount of momentum that needs to be directed. The rider has some degree of control over the leading canter leg the horse picks on landing by using subtle rein and weight cues, but the away in training should be driven forward and straight from the obstacle to encourage maintenance of rhythm and impulsion. At this point, the horse and rider are able to regain balance and posture over the center of gravity. The rider will bring their position more upright again and the horse will engage their hindquarters to lift the forehand and drive forward. From a training perspective, the horse can benefit from some light but encouraging aids to keep moving forward and free of restriction.

 

 

 

Injuries:

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Damage and injury can be a risk in any equine discipline, however jumping obviously puts a high degree of force through the tissues and joints. It is very important to consider the growth stages of the horse when training younger jumpers.

 

 

By Siun Griffin, Veterinary Physiotherapist and LCAO Community Manager

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As our beloved canine companions age, they often face a host of health challenges, with chronic pain being a prevalent concern. From arthritis to degenerative joint disease, senior dogs can experience discomfort that affects their quality of life.

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While traditional veterinary treatments play a vital role in managing pain, holistic approaches like osteopathy offer additional avenues for relief and well-being.

Understanding Chronic Pain in Senior Dogs

Senior dogs are prone to a range of conditions that cause chronic pain, including osteoarthritis, hip dysplasia, intervertebral disc disease, and age-related degenerative changes in joints and tissues.

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These conditions can lead to stiffness, lameness, reduced mobility, and decreased enjoyment of everyday activities such as walking, playing, and climbing stairs. Managing chronic pain in senior dogs requires a multifaceted approach that addresses both the underlying pathology and the dog’s individual needs for comfort and well-being.

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The Role of Osteopathy in Pain Management

Osteopathy is a holistic healthcare approach that focuses on restoring balance and function to the musculoskeletal system. In senior dogs, osteopathy can complement traditional veterinary care by targeting areas of tension, restriction, and dysfunction in the body.

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Osteopathic techniques such as soft tissue manipulation, joint mobilization, and gentle stretching can help relieve muscle tension, improve joint mobility, and enhance circulation, thereby reducing pain and promoting healing.

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Benefits of Osteopathy for Senior Dogs

One of the key benefits of osteopathy for senior dogs is its gentle and non-invasive nature, making it well-suited for animals with age-related health concerns or mobility issues. Osteopathic treatments are tailored to the individual dog, taking into account their specific condition, age, and comfort level.

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By addressing musculoskeletal imbalances and promoting relaxation and circulation, osteopathy can help senior dogs experience relief from chronic pain, improve their range of motion, and enhance overall well-being.

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Integrating Osteopathy into Senior Dog Care

Integrating osteopathy into the care regimen for senior dogs involves working closely with a qualified and experienced animal osteopath or veterinarian who specializes in complementary therapies.

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Osteopathic treatments may be combined with other modalities such as acupuncture, physical therapy, and dietary supplements to create a comprehensive pain management plan. Regular sessions with an osteopath can help monitor the dog’s progress, adjust treatment as needed, and provide ongoing support for their comfort and mobility.

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Case Studies and Success Stories

To illustrate the effectiveness of osteopathy in managing chronic pain in senior dogs, consider sharing case studies or success stories of dogs who have benefited from osteopathic care. These could include stories of dogs with arthritis experiencing improved mobility and comfort, seniors regaining their zest for life after osteopathic treatments, or dogs finding relief from age-related stiffness and muscle tension through regular osteopathic sessions.

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Final Thoughts

As our canine companions age, providing them with comprehensive and compassionate care becomes increasingly important. Osteopathy offers a gentle and holistic approach to managing chronic pain in senior dogs, addressing the underlying musculoskeletal imbalances that contribute to discomfort and mobility issues. By integrating osteopathy into the care regimen for senior dogs, we can help them enjoy their golden years with greater comfort, vitality, and quality of life.

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Promoting Horse Barn Safety

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By Siun Griffin, Veterinary Physiotherapist and LCAO Community Manager

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Ensuring safety in a horse barn is not just about reacting to potential dangers; it’s about proactively preventing them. From the moment a visitor steps onto the property to the daily care routines, every action should prioritize the well-being of both horses and humans.

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So what kind of approach can you take? Here’s somewhere to start to help make your barn fun and safe for both horses and people.

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1. Establishing a Safety Program
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Training Sessions: Implement regular safety training sessions for all staff, riders, and visitors. Cover topics such as safe handling techniques, emergency procedures, and spotting hazards.

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Written Guidelines: Develop written safety guidelines and procedures that are easily accessible to everyone on the premises. This could include protocols for handling emergencies, using equipment safely, and maintaining a clean environment.

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Safety Inspections: Conduct regular safety inspections of the facility to identify potential hazards and ensure compliance with safety protocols. Encourage staff and riders to report any safety concerns they notice.

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2. Hazard Identification
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Slippery Surfaces: Identify areas prone to becoming slippery, such as wash stalls, grooming areas, and aisleways. Implement non-slip flooring or use rubber mats to reduce the risk of slips and falls.

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Loose Equipment: Check for loose equipment or debris that could pose a tripping hazard in walkways and common areas. Encourage staff and borders to promptly clean up any spills or clutter.

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Unsafe Infrastructure: Inspect fences, gates, and stall doors for signs of wear or damage that could potentially injure horses or humans. Replace or repair any compromised structures promptly.

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3. Practical Examples
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Safety Protocol for Tacking Up: Before riding, all staff and riders must inspect tack for signs of wear and tear, ensuring it is in good condition. They should also double-check girth tightness and ensure all buckles are secure to prevent accidents while riding.

Identifying Fire Hazards: During safety training sessions, staff should learn to identify potential fire hazards, such as exposed electrical wiring, flammable materials stored improperly, or blocked fire exits. Regular inspections should be conducted to address these hazards promptly.

Emergency Response Drill: Conduct regular emergency response drills to ensure all staff and riders know what to do in the event of an emergency, such as a fire or a horse injury. Practice evacuating horses from stalls and rehearse first aid procedures.

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By implementing a comprehensive safety program, identifying potential hazards, and providing practical examples, horse barns can create a culture of safety that protects both horses and humans. Remember, safety is not just a checklist; it’s a mindset that should be embraced by everyone in the barn community.

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By Siun Griffin, Veterinary Physiotherapist and LCAO Community Manager 

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As our beloved canine companions age, they may face a myriad of health challenges, ranging from arthritis to reduced mobility. While conventional veterinary care plays a crucial role in managing these issues, complementary therapies like osteopathy are gaining recognition for their ability to enhance the well-being of senior dogs.

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Osteopathy, a holistic approach to healthcare, focuses on improving the body’s overall function by manipulating muscles, joints, and tissues. Here we will take a look at how osteopathy can be a valuable tool in improving the quality of life for our aging furry friends.

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Understanding Osteopathy

Osteopathy is founded on the principle that the body possesses self-healing mechanisms that can be facilitated through manual manipulation. Osteopathic practitioners use their hands to assess and treat musculoskeletal imbalances, aiming to restore optimal function and mobility. This gentle, non-invasive approach is particularly well-suited for senior dogs, as it can address age-related issues without the need for invasive procedures or medications.

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Benefits for Senior Dogs

1. Pain Management

Arthritis and joint stiffness are common ailments in senior dogs, leading to discomfort and reduced mobility. Osteopathic techniques, such as gentle joint mobilizations and soft tissue manipulation, can help alleviate pain by improving circulation, reducing inflammation, and promoting relaxation in the affected areas.

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2. Improved Mobility

Reduced mobility can significantly impact a senior dog’s quality of life, hindering their ability to perform everyday activities and enjoy their golden years to the fullest. Osteopathic treatments aim to restore range of motion in stiff joints and muscles, enabling senior dogs to move more comfortably and engage in activities they once enjoyed, such as walking, playing, and climbing stairs.

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3. Enhanced Circulation

Aging can lead to decreased blood flow and tissue perfusion, exacerbating musculoskeletal issues and delaying healing. Osteopathic techniques, such as gentle stretching and rhythmic movements, can improve circulation throughout the body, delivering vital nutrients and oxygen to tissues and promoting the removal of metabolic waste products.

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4. Stress Reduction

Senior dogs may experience increased stress and anxiety due to changes in their environment, routine, or health status. Osteopathy can help alleviate stress by promoting relaxation and releasing tension stored in the muscles and soft tissues. This not only improves the dog’s overall well-being but also supports their emotional resilience during the aging process.

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5. Complementary Support

Osteopathy complements conventional veterinary care and can be integrated into a comprehensive treatment plan for senior dogs. By addressing musculoskeletal imbalances and promoting overall health and vitality, osteopathic treatments can enhance the effectiveness of medications, supplements, and other therapies prescribed by a veterinarian.

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Case Study

Consider an elderly Labrador Retriever named Max, who was struggling with arthritis in his hips and hind legs. Max’s mobility was limited, and he showed signs of discomfort when standing up or walking. His owner sought the help of an osteopathic practitioner, who performed gentle joint mobilizations and soft tissue techniques during a series of sessions. Over time, Max’s pain decreased, and his mobility improved. He was able to move more freely, enjoy longer walks with his owner, and regain his zest for life in his golden years.

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Final Thoughts

As our canine companions age, they deserve the highest quality of care to ensure they remain happy, healthy, and comfortable. Osteopathy offers a holistic approach to addressing the unique needs of senior dogs, providing gentle and effective treatments that promote pain relief, mobility, circulation, and emotional well-being.

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By incorporating osteopathic care into their wellness routine, senior dogs can enjoy an improved quality of life and continue to be cherished members of our families for years to come.

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When approaching any science or art, a model to understand the presentation before us is required. If one is looking at exactly the same things over and over, then of course the same model will suffice.

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However, from the study of Osteopathic principles, we know that we are never really looking at the same thing twice. Case presentations are as unique as fingerprints and we are required to observe the world through a number of lenses.

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BioTensegrity in Animal Osteopathy

One model that can be particularly useful to consider when dealing with Animal Osteopathy is bio tensegrity. Tensegrity or tensional integrity is where compression and tension work in tandem to create structure. Forces are shared through the combined efforts of push and pull in a way that can create what some refer to as “Floating compression”.

 

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Above: A commonly used example of tensegrity structure to teach the principle in biology using wooden sticks and string. 

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The model is not as simple as just thinking of bone as the sticks and connective tissues as the strings, however. An animal’s body is a massively complex interplay of pressure, gravity, tension, resistance, and motion.

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Consider the resistance and motility of the viscera when thinking of the “struts” in the picture above. Fascia is running throughout the body functioning as tension bands and communicating motion to other areas of the body.

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It is even reasonable to consider fluid dynamics within the same model, for example as blood exerts pressure on the arterial walls, the arteries’ elasticity provides the tensioning to resist this; in fact this model is how the baroreceptors (pressure receptors) in arteries receive their information and relay information to the higher centers. So, it is obvious that tensegrity is not simple but it can make things easier to see.

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“Time Bombs” – What is This?

Some cases will present as healthy animals that have no veterinary diagnosis and yet owners will be acutely aware that something is not right. These cases are what I tend to call “Time Bombs”.

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They have no lameness or veterinary concern YET, but will often be in a configuration whereby they will eventually lead to a bigger problem. Conventional medical and veterinary thinking can often be focused on symptomatology and the idea that something is “wrong” with the body.

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In Osteopathy we understand that although it might not be nice, it’s not “wrong”… Every condition serves a purpose, it is doing the best it can with the information and materials provided.

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Transfer of Forces

Tensegrity models help us to see that the “problem” may actually be stemming from forces in another area where the symptoms are showing. Forces exerted in one part of a tensegrity structure will be distributed and transferred throughout due to the reciprocal nature of the tension and compression.

 

So where will the forces “come out”? Where will they overwhelm the system?

The area of least capacity will generally be the point at which symptoms are observed. What do we mean by capacity? The vital reserve, the available resources, capacity, or fitness of a tissue, structure or organ will determine how much force it can withstand before failure.

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Examples of Transfer & Area of the Least Capacity

We can see this in horses’ shoulders. The horse has no bony attachment of the forelimb to the spine, it floats in a tensegrity of compression and tension through muscle, tendon, fascia, and gravity.

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It can be observed that a hoof imbalance will translate ascending forces that will distort the tensegrity of the shoulder sling. If the horse is young, elderly, unfit, otherwise compromised, or experiences a secondary force such as a slip or fall, the shoulder sling may be that point of least capacity and experience injury.

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The initial factor leading to the overwhelm however was the hoof imbalance. As Osteopaths, we do not trim or shoe horses unless additionally qualified to do so, but we can recognize these factors and make referrals for the animals.

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Recognition of this can then allow us to work as a team with the correct hoof care. Osteopathic care can then balance and “tune” the tensegrity of the shoulder to its new and more sustainable position as the hoof develops.

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Removing Barriers to Health With Osteopathy

It is not unreasonable to consider that Osteopathic treatment may work as a descending force to gradually assist the dynamic nature of hoof growth in the right direction too. After all, through this model, we understand that one area affects another. But how might we do that?

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Osteopathy addresses the barriers to health. If the shoulder in the above example were lacking in vital reserve and capacity, then treatment would be aimed at removing the barriers to those tissues achieving health.

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We can consider the arterial flow to tissues and decompress areas of resistance, we can use OAB and articular movements to encourage lymphatic pumping, and we can consider spinal restrictions at the levels corresponding neurologically with the shoulder/thoracic sling tissues.

 

Importantly, we must honor our imitations legally and in our scope of practice. However, having an alternative view of an animal’s presentation to other professionals means that we can both treat but also act as holistic advocates for their health.

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Working With Other Professionals as a Team

Interdisciplinary cooperation in the veterinary world is becoming more and more valued by owners and vets alike. With qualification and training in Animal Osteopathy, we can not only directly treat but also educate owners and other professionals in our models and views of animal health.

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Osteopathy teaches us the interplay and reciprocal nature of systems, that should extend to the interplay and reciprocal nature of professions and practitioners. As Animal Osteopathy grows internationally, we can be at the forefront of this cooperation and collaboration.

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For more information on how you can become an animal osteopath, click here