Category Archives: Equine & Canine Osteopathy

By Siun Griffin, Vet Physio and LCAO Community Manager

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In the intricate biomechanics of horses, understanding the musculature is crucial for ensuring their well-being and performance. Among the myriad muscles contributing to equine locomotion and posture, the splenius muscle holds significant importance.

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Anatomy of the Splenius Muscle

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The splenius muscle is located in the neck region of the horse. It is divided into two parts: the splenius capitis and the splenius cervicis.

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Its origin is the spinous processes of T3–5 by means of thoracolumbar fascia and the nuchal ligament (the withers). The insertion is at the nuchal crest and mastoid process of temporal bone and transv. processes of C2–5. (the poll area)

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Its innervations are by the dorsal branch of local spinal nerves, and the dorsal branch of the accessory nerve.

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It is part of the dorsal chain muscles. Specifically, the epaxial muscles, which are the extensor muscles of the vertebral column. It is a superficial muscle.

 

 

Function of the Splenius Muscle

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The splenius muscle plays a crucial role in maintaining posture and facilitating movement in horses. Its primary functions include:

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1. Head and Neck Extension 

The splenius muscle aids in extending and elevating the head and neck, allowing the horse to maintain balance. By its action of elevating the head and neck, it facilitates forelimb protraction during the walk.

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During the trot it ‘acts before and during the first part of the stance phase of each forelimb to limit lowering of the neck.’

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At the canter, it again limits the neck from lowering and creates neck extension ‘during the leading stance phase.’

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2. Lateral Flexion

Working in conjunction with other neck muscles, the splenius muscle facilitates lateral flexion of the neck, enabling the horse to bend and turn effectively.

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3. Stabilisation

The splenius muscle provides stability to the cervical and thoracic spine.

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Innervation of the Splenius Muscle

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The splenius muscle receives innervation from branches of the cervical spinal nerves, primarily the dorsal branches of cervical nerves 3 to 8 (C3-C8). These nerves supply motor fibres to the muscle, controlling its contraction and relaxation.

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Clinical Considerations

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1. Muscle Strain

Like any other muscle, the splenius muscle is susceptible to strain, particularly during strenuous physical activity or sudden movements. Signs of splenius muscle strain in horses may include lameness, reluctance to bend or extend the neck, and sensitivity to touch along the muscle.

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2. Equine Performance

Dysfunction or injury to the splenius muscle can impact the horse’s performance, compromising its ability to engage in activities such as dressage, jumping, or racing. Proper conditioning, warm-up, and cool-down routines can help prevent splenius muscle injuries and optimize equine performance.

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3. Diagnostic Imaging

In cases of suspected splenius muscle injury or dysfunction, diagnostic imaging techniques such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be employed to assess the extent of damage and guide treatment decisions.

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The splenius muscle plays a vital role in the biomechanics of horses, contributing to posture, movement, and overall performance. Understanding its anatomy, function, and innervation is essential for veterinarians, trainers, and owners in maintaining equine health and well-being.

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Sources:

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Adams and Stashak’s Lameness in Horses, 7th Edition

Anatomy of the Horse, Fifth, Revised Edition

By Siun Griffin, Veterinary Physiotherapist and LCAO Community Manager

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As winter melts away and the warmth of spring emerges, horse owners must transition their care routines to accommodate the changing needs of their equine companions. Springtime heralds new growth, but it also brings forth specific challenges that demand attention and preparation.

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From shedding their winter coats to adjusting to lush pastures, horses require meticulous care during this transitional period.

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Shedding Management

With the arrival of spring, horses undergo the natural process of shedding their thick winter coats. Regular grooming becomes imperative to help facilitate this shedding process efficiently. Invest in quality grooming tools such as shedding blades, curry combs, and slicker brushes to effectively remove loose hair, dirt, and dander. Pay particular attention to sensitive areas like the belly and under the mane, where winter coats tend to linger stubbornly.

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Nutrition Adjustment

As pastures begin to regenerate with fresh grasses and forage, it’s essential to monitor your horse’s diet carefully. Introduce grazing gradually to allow their digestive systems to adjust to the increased moisture and lushness of spring grass.

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Sudden changes in diet can predispose horses to gastrointestinal issues like colic or laminitis. Consider consulting with a veterinarian or equine nutritionist to formulate a balanced diet tailored to your horse’s individual needs, especially if they have specific dietary requirements or health concerns.

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Parasite Control

Warmer temperatures create an ideal environment for parasites such as worms and ticks to proliferate. Implement a strategic parasite control program that includes regular deworming and tick prevention measures.

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Work with your veterinarian to develop a customized deworming schedule based on fecal egg counts and regional parasite prevalence. Additionally, inspect your horse regularly for signs of ticks and promptly remove any parasites to prevent discomfort and potential disease transmission.

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Hoof Care

Springtime brings wetter conditions, which can soften hooves and increase susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections. Maintain a rigorous hoof care regimen, including regular cleaning, trimming, and, if necessary, shoeing.

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Monitor for signs of thrush, a common bacterial infection that thrives in damp environments, and treat promptly with appropriate hoof treatments or medications. Ensure that turnout areas are well-drained to minimize prolonged exposure to wet conditions, which can compromise hoof health.

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Exercise and Conditioning

After the sedentary months of winter, gradually reintroduce your horse to a consistent exercise regimen to rebuild muscle tone and cardiovascular fitness. Start with low-intensity activities such as walking and gradually increase the duration and intensity of workouts over time.

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Incorporate a variety of activities such as lunging, riding, hacking (trail riding), and turnout to engage different muscle groups and prevent boredom. Pay attention to signs of fatigue or discomfort and adjust the exercise routine accordingly to prevent overexertion or injury.

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Environmental Safety

Springtime brings its share of environmental hazards, including toxic plants, seasonal allergies, and unpredictable weather patterns. Familiarize yourself with common toxic plants in your area and remove them from pastures and turnout areas to prevent accidental ingestion.

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Monitor your horse for signs of allergies such as excessive itching, coughing, or nasal discharge, and consult with a veterinarian for appropriate management strategies. Stay vigilant to changing weather conditions and provide adequate shelter and protection during storms or extreme temperatures.

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Dental Care

Regular dental examinations and maintenance are essential for ensuring your horse’s overall health and well-being. Schedule a dental check-up with a qualified equine dentist or veterinarian to address any dental issues such as sharp points, uneven wear, or dental abnormalities. Proper dental care not only promotes efficient chewing and digestion but also helps prevent oral discomfort and associated behavioral problems.

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Vaccinations

Depending on where you live, springtime means that certain vaccinations need to be administered. If you are unsure, consult your veterinarian and put in place a vaccination schedule.

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Blanket Changes

As the weather warms up, heavy winter blankets are no longer needed. This is a great time to get them cleaned repaired and stored so they are ready for when the cold returns.

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Supply Check

Now is a great time to go through your supplies and check if you need anything. Are you out of shampoo? Tail conditioner? Fly spray? First aid supplies? See what’s out or low and stock up for the coming months, so you don’t run out of something important!

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Turn Out Areas

Doing springtime maintenance on your fields and fencing is essential. Survey your fencing and repair any damage or weak spots. Post and rail fencing will usually need painting that helps preserve the wood.

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Test any electric fencing to ensure it is working properly.

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Many people will get their paddocks harrowed and rolled before too much grass growth to get rid of any holes or ruts that can injure horses.

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Barn Clean Up

Now is a good time to tackle any jobs inside your barn. Clean out items that are no longer needed. Tackle those cobwebs. Go through the tack, clean it, and get rid of anything that is not safe to use.

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Therapists

A springtime visit from your osteopath, physio, chiropractor, or massage therapist is a good addition to a fitness plan if your horse has been off work during the winter months particularly if you plan to go out competing.

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Springtime heralds a period of renewal and rejuvenation for both horses and their caretakers. By implementing proactive care strategies and precautions, you can navigate the seasonal transition with confidence, ensuring that your equine companions thrive in the months ahead. Remember that each horse is unique, so tailor your care routine to meet their individual needs and preferences. With diligence and attention to detail, you can enjoy a harmonious partnership with your horse throughout the splendors of spring.

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By Siun Griffin, Veterinary Physiotherapist and Rachel Pechek, Animal Osteopath and LCAO Head Instructor 

Osteopathy and Nerves

We received a question some time ago about how an osteopath approaches nerve-related problems. There are many facets to this topic and we will try and touch on each of them in this post.

First off, it is important to note that there are differences between neurological disorders, diseases, damage, and dysfunction.

If you suspect a disorder, disease, or nerve damage, it’s important to get a veterinarian to assess and treat the patient medically before attempting osteopathic treatment. Osteopathic treatment may or may not be helpful in these circumstances. It’s as important to know when not to treat as it is to know when and how to treat!

Osteopathy and Pain

One of our aims as osteopaths is to help the horse’s nervous system function properly. Pain in an otherwise healthy area (no wounds, fractures, etc.) is a sign that the nervous system is not functioning properly. In other words, an area of the body displaying a pain response where no injury is present is in a dysfunctional state.

Osteopaths work off the theory of the pain gate which is well documented in the scientific community. In short, when proprioception is functioning properly and everything is moving, the pain nerve fibres are inhibited. When movement stops (restriction happens in the body), the pain fibres are no longer inhibited. This is when pain can be perceived.

Ultimately, the goal of osteopathic treatment is to promote proprioception, thus decreasing or eliminating pain. One of the most important techniques to achieve this is the OAB technique. We may also apply traction techniques when considering vertebral disc compressions that cause pain.

When osteopaths articulate the spine, they produce proprioceptive feedback for higher central nervous system structures. This shows the higher structures of what is happening in the peripheral system. If we have a case where the “wires are crossed” and dysfunction is present, the body will recognize this and re-adjust itself to a healthy, more efficient state.

When the animal is pain-free, it will continue moving. The continued movement ensures the pain does not come back.

 

Osteopathy and Muscle Problems

Muscle spasms are also a nervous system issue at their core. Muscles do not spasm on their own. They only spasm if the nerves that control them are telling them to contract and relax at the same time.

Thus, if you correct the nerve function, you correct the muscle spasm. Osteopaths may use soft tissue techniques such as cross fibre inhibition, or they will rely on their assessment and treatment of the spine to create change in the nerves leading to and from a muscle in spasm.

 

In writing this post, we found that the most important information one needs to treat nerve conditions is a solid foundation in neurophysiology. This is a topic, including the pain gate, that we teach in-depth with LCAO to prepare osteopaths for clinical training.

What are your thoughts on nerve-related problems and how to treat them? We welcome input from all therapeutic professionals and are looking forward to their insightful and different approaches.

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For more information on how you can become an Equine Osteopath, click here 

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Canine Conditioning

By Chris Bates M.Ost, Equine Therapist

Whether your dog is a family pet or a sporting competitor, fitness and mobility are of great importance to maintaining well-being and general health. Sometimes dog owners can fall into the trap of walking their beloved canines, but not fully understanding their pet’s movement needs. Even dogs who do not suffer from a musculoskeletal condition or other health needs can benefit from a devised fitness plan, not only to enhance physical condition but also to provide behavioral outlets and reduce mental stress.

What is conditioning?

Conditioning is the process of preparing and developing a system to cope with the demands placed upon it. This can apply to behavioral training as much as physical fitness, however, in this article, I solely focus on the physical aspects of canine development. Conditioning can be used in non-pathological cases (those without health conditions) to support good health and moderate behavior or in cases of rehabilitation and prevention for dogs with injury, illness, and surgical recovery (Marcellin-Little, Levine, and Taylor, 2005).

Dogs require adequate strength, mobility, and range of motion (ROM) to perform tasks such as walking, running, and jumping simply to support a good quality of life as their evolutionary disposition is one of a nomadic pack hunter. Should a health complaint limit any of the dog’s natural behaviors, they may experience mental stress as a result of having unmet needs. In Osteopathy and physical therapies, our jobs are not to train behaviors (Unless otherwise trained to do so), but we can have a profound impact on behavior by reducing pain and facilitating a route to natural behavior.

A therapist can aim to condition the cardiovascular system in order to increase endurance or work with strength and balance to support recovery from injury. The aims of conditioning will be dependent on the individual’s needs but the principles are the same:

Goal orientedMeasurableProgressiveAchievableAdaptableIndividualizedSAFE

Dogs as athletes

Sporting and working dogs require their owners to deeply understand how to adequately prepare them to avoid injury and promote high performance. An incremental “overload” of effort over time is one effective method of increasing capacity in a biological system. The overload principle uses training to challenge the limit of capacity such as strength or cardiovascular endurance to necessitate a change in the system to accommodate the additional stress. This is done over time with gradual but progressive increases in intensity. The overload at any point must not be sufficient to cause harm or injury but only to “stress” the system into developing increased ability.

Rest is equally important in conditioning to avoid injury and allow for physiological adaptations to take place. Rest during conditioning plans is also shown to be vital for dogs as it provides the time to feel physically and emotionally able to display natural behaviors as described in a paper following the training of sled dogs (Robinson et al., 2012). During rest periods, the body actually makes the changes to its ability to cope with higher levels of demand. Unlike the positive method of “Overload”, without adequate rest, the dog will experience “Overtraining” which will deplete the body’s resources and lead to a sustained stress response that is detrimental to health.

Family Pets

Of course, not every dog will be involved in sports or high-level activities such as police work. Many dogs will be beloved family members but we must remember that family members of all ages benefit from maintaining adequate fitness and mobility levels. A pet dog may live with children or vulnerable people and so maintenance of good behavior is crucial. As discussed earlier and mentioned by Zink and Carr (2018) in their study of canine conditioning, exercise has significant benefits to a dog’s psychological well-being. A simple plan can be used to integrate the right distance, frequency, and intensity of walks and other activities to allow owners to maintain their pet’s fitness and health. Importantly, general training activities such as obedience and playing games like fetch also contribute to overall conditioning. Alongside the psychological benefits of physical conditioning, maintaining a dog’s cardiovascular fitness and strength supports a longer, healthier life.

Challenge makes Change

The body will adapt to the needs that different demands place upon it. If the body is supporting homeostasis (biological equilibrium) then there is no need for it to waste energy on making changes. Adaptations come from placing a challenge on the body’s systems. These challenges don’t need to be uncomfortable; many people will quit going to the gym or a new diet simply because they have done too much too quickly and found the process too difficult. The purpose of good conditioning plans is to gradually and consistently increase the allostatic load (demand) so that the changes occur without unwanted stress reactions. The other benefit of progressive but gradual plans is that it reduces the chance of overload injuries or accidents. Aspects of conditioning such as balance and proprioception (awareness of body position) are just as important and without challenging these to create change, dogs may fall, strain themselves, or develop unwanted compensations.

The principles of Osteopathy, when learned well, allow a practitioner to understand the entire internal and external environment of the animal. Osteopathy considers the many facets that contribute to and affect conditioning. Armed with the right knowledge, the Animal Osteopath can assist the body to avoid obstacles to progression, assess progress, and offer advice on progression and regression of any plans.

Bibliography:

Marcellin-Little, D.J., Levine, D. and Taylor, R. (2005). Rehabilitation and Conditioning of Sporting Dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, [online] 35(6), pp.1427–1439. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.08.002.Physiopedia (n.d.). Strength and Conditioning. [online] Physiopedia. Available at: https://www.physio-pedia.com/Strength_and_Conditioning.Robinson, E., Thornton, E., Templeman, J.R., Croney, C.C., Niel, L. and Shoveller, A.K. (2021). Changes in Behaviour and Voluntary Physical Activity Exhibited by Sled Dogs throughout Incremental Exercise Conditioning and Intermittent Rest Days. Animals, 11(1), p.118. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010118.Zink, C. and Carr, B.J. (2018). Conditioning and Retraining the Canine Athlete. Canine Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, pp.227–264. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119380627.ch10.

 

For more information on how you can become a Canine Osteopath, click here

The thoracic sling is a crucial component of a horse’s muscular system, playing a vital role in its overall movement and well-being. Composed of specific muscles and other tissues that connect the front limbs to the thorax, the thoracic sling contributes significantly to a horse’s balance, coordination, and strength.

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Let’s take a closer look at what makes up the thoracic sling, the muscles involved, its benefits when conditioned properly, signs of weakness, and exercises to improve its strength.

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What is the Thoracic Sling?

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Horses differ from humans in that they don’t have a collar bone. Instead, the shoulders are connected to the body by fascia, ligaments, and muscles. This group of tissues is known as the thoracic sling. It lifts the thorax and holds the chest between the front limbs.

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The lack of a clavicle gives the shoulder more range of motion. “The larger proximal muscles activate in a complex coordination to position and stabilize the shoulder and elbow joints during ground contact.” (1) Additionally, The proximal locomotor system of the forelimbs, specifically the musculotendinous units, work to provide energy storage and shock absorption in the stance phase. (2)

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The thoracic sling allows for much of the horse’s movement giving it the ability to move in multiple directions such as forward and turning, bending, jumping, and more. Because of its function, a well-conditioned and functioning thoracic sling is essential for overall body soundness and performance.

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Muscles Involved in the Thoracic Sling:

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1. Pectorals

There are four pectorals:

• transverse pectoral
• ascending pectoral
• subclavius
• descending pectoral

Illustrations by Alexa McKenna BVM & S from the book Horse Movement, Structure, Function and Rehabilitation by Gail Williams PhD

 

2. Serratus Ventralis

3. Rhomboideus

4. Trapezius cervicis

5. Trapezius thoracis

6. Latissimus

7. Brachiocephalicus

8. Omotransversarius

9. Sternocephalicus

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Illustrations by Alexa McKenna BVM & S from the book Horse Movement, Structure, Function and Rehabilitation by Gail Williams PhD

 

Benefits of a Well-Conditioned Thoracic Sling

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When properly conditioned, the thoracic sling enhances a horse’s performance in various ways:

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1. Improved Balance

2. Enhanced Coordination

3. Stability

4. Improved limb movement and stride length, reducing the risk of lower limb lameness

5. Improved posture when at rest and during exercise

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Recognizing a Weak Thoracic Sling

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A weak thoracic sling can have effects on the entire body and function of the horse. It can cause poor gait, which can lead to dysfunction in the limbs and increase the risk of lameness.

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Modern horse management, riding style, not enough free movement, and tense, consistent high-head carriage will create dysfunction in the body and weakness in the thoracic sling. (2)

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Signs of a weak thoracic sling may include

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1. Difficulty in Turning

2. Lack of Engagement and push from the hind end

3. Tendency to “Fall In”

4. Body soreness

5. Falling on the forehand

6. Girthiness can indicate soreness caused by a weak thoracic sling

7. Struggling to navigate hilly terrain

8. Performance such as tiring more quickly while exercising

9. Reduction in flexibility and length of stride

10. Cross-cantering and/or difficulty in picking up the correct lead

11. Hollow posture when exercising

12. Poor balance

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While the above signs can indicate thoracic sling weakness, they can also relate to other potential issues.

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Exercises to Strengthen the Thoracic Sling

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1. Raised cavaletti work

Setting up raised cavaletti encourages the horse to lift its legs and stretch its head down and out, engaging the thoracic sling muscles.

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2. Pole work

Pole work is fantastic for improving the thoracic sling. It can be done in hand during the early stages of rehabilitation and increases in complexity as there are improvements and you move to ridden work.

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3. Hill work

Riding the horse uphill prompts the engagement of the thoracic sling. This does not need to be fast work to get results. Plenty of slow work in hand and under saddle at the walk will slowly build the thoracic sling

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4. Backing up

Backing up a few times in hand on a daily basis encourages the horse to use its thoracic sling muscles more correctly. The horse should be allowed/encouraged to lower its head during this exercise.

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3. Lateral Work

Incorporating lateral exercises such as leg yields and shoulder-in when the horse is ready can further strengthen the thoracic sling and connected muscles.

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Taking time to work through beneficial exercises, such as above will help the horse develop correct muscle function, better posture, and reduce wear on the anatomy of the lower limbs.

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Final Thoughts

Understanding and addressing the importance of the thoracic sling in a horse’s musculature is essential for promoting optimal performance and preventing injuries. Regular, targeted exercises can contribute to the development of a strong and resilient thoracic sling, ensuring a horse’s overall well-being.

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Resources

1. Harrison SM, Whitton RC, King M, Haussler KK, Kawcak CE, Stover SM, Pandy MG. Forelimb muscle activity during equine locomotion. J Exp Biol. 2012 Sep 1;215(Pt 17):2980-91. doi: 10.1242/jeb.065441. PMID: 22875767.
2. American Farriers Journal, Hagen J, 2023 Nov, 16

https://www.americanfarriers.com/articles/14163-what-is-the-horses-thoracic-sling

3. Anatomy of the Horse, Klaus-Dieter Budras, fifth edition
4. Horse Movement, Structure, Function and Rehabilitation; Gail Williams PhD, illustrated by Alexa McKenna BVM & S

For more information on how you can become an equine osteopath, click here 

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Listening to Animal Owners as a Clinician

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By Chris Bates, M.Ost (Osteopath and Equine Therapist)

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Within a Veterinary practice or any form of professional interaction with animal owners, communication is key in discovering the information you need to make safe and appropriate decisions.

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While many pursue a career in Veterinary Medicine or animal care because they have a love for animals, dealing with humans is a large part of this career track.

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Communication and rapport building with an owner is honed over time. There may also be the odd occasion where missed information can interrupt the course of treatment.  Let’s take a deeper dive into humans and how to really hear owners.

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In my time working as an Osteopath (for Humans), I’ve had to talk with people about extremely sensitive subjects and difficult situations. In fact, in the UK, as registered Osteopaths we are required to complete a certain number of hours of training in communication and consent; every cycle of continued professional development.

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I have found that the more I learn about how people communicate, the more questions I have; people are extremely complex creatures and this is made even more confusing when emotional turmoil is factored into the equation.

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Emotions running wild

We all love our pets. They are part of the family and when owners attend the clinic or we visit them, they can be frightened and anxious about what will happen to their beloved companion. It’s hardly surprising that people in this heightened state of arousal and stress might omit some aspect(s) of vital information to the animal’s case.

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There is also the added impact of “white coat syndrome”, this is when people become fearful or at least apprehensive of a veterinary/medical professional. Of course, the owner will empathize deeply with their animal, so even though they themselves are not being treated, they could be so profoundly connected with the pet that they begin to act as if they were on the examination table.

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So what can we do to attempt to lessen the likelihood that overwhelming emotions will impact good animal care?

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This is where honesty and clarity need to be combined with empathy and compassion.

• Reassure – If you suspect that an owner is firmly in fight/flight mode and the fear and concern for their animal is clouding their communication, we need to make sure they understand that we are there to help. Perhaps start by stating that the priority is the animal’s health and welfare and that they can rest assured that you will leave no stone unturned to find the best treatment.
• Suggest company – Some owners might benefit from having a friend or family member with them when you make your consultation. Having someone who knows them and cares about them, but who is one level removed from the situation might give some clarity to the owner. The company may hear what you say as the clinician more clearly and be able to relay information in a comforting and familiar way.
• Ensure understanding – Clarity in your description of findings and seeking a way to explain complex details more simply can be transformative for owners. Many people who own animals find too much science babble very worrying and confusing. If we can learn to break down findings and ideas into simple thoughts, we can ameliorate much of that concern. I find that using metaphor is a very useful technique for this.

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Looking beyond the words

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Have you ever listened to someone and thought they weren’t telling you the whole story? You would not be alone…

A very high proportion of our communication is actually non-verbal. Well-trained practitioners who study human communication can easily tell if a person is lying from their body language.

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It’s actually impossible for most people to stop this “non-verbal leakage”, however, people with psychopathic and sociopathic tendencies have been noted as being better at covering this.

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Quite often a good giveaway is when people are noticeably fidgeting or fiddling with clothing or hair. This can be a sign that they are uncomfortable and potentially not mentioning details or altering them somehow.

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People can often feel guilty if their animal is in pain or ill during their watch. The aversion to being judged by the vet or practitioner might mean they don’t give you the whole truth. There are plenty of signs of this such as lack of eye contact, shifting weight, touching the face, and the aforementioned fidgeting.

So how can we offer the owner the chance to give us all the details we need? Of course, it is important that we are as informed as possible to make appropriate diagnoses and planning. I have found telling people phrases like “there is no judgment here” or “you can say anything here” can be very effective at opening a more honest dialogue.

Trying to make eye contact with owners when questioning but maintaining a non-threatening posture by not squaring off can draw more information. This is because the person knows they are being seen and observed. A simple method to appear more sympathetic and calming is to tilt your head when listening and nod from time to time to show understanding.

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If you observe some non-verbal cues that there is more to discover, there can be a lot to be gained by simply explaining why you need to know as much as possible. If we explain to people that the best care and solutions for their problems comes from absolute clarity and comprehensive understanding then we can often convince them to divulge further.

Owners obviously want the best for their pet otherwise they wouldn’t be there. So, by being candid and convincing the owner that you need every detail they can remember they might put their own anxieties aside.

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Active listening

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When the client is talking, it can be of huge help to “actively listen” to draw their explanations. This can be very simple and you may already do it without noticing. As mentioned above, nodding and eye contact show you are engaged with the person; non-verbal communication works both ways. Verbal “catalysts” are just as useful.

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I find affirming sounds such as “…uh hu…” and “…mm mm…” show you are taking on board what is being said. If you wish to draw more and steer the conversation, you can prompt with “…and then…”, “tell me more about that” or similar probing statements. One can even use hand gestures such as casually putting your hand out palm up which indicates you understand but want more information especially when combined with a slow nod.

In conclusion, we can see that working with animals can be just as much as working with people. We observe everyday different people communicating in different ways but can easily miss vital information.

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Training ourselves to sympathetically engage with people via techniques to put them at ease and then active listening can yield far better results than relying only on your observations of the physical presentation in front of you.

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A great way to practice is to go and socialize with a friend and ask them about themselves, really listen, and see how much you can engage the conversation from their side and what information you can draw.

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For more information on how you can become a qualified Animal Osteopath, click here

Pain does not always equal damage

Chris Bates  M.Ost – Registered Osteopath

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Whether we are talking about Humans or Animals, pain science is an important subject to understand when we embark on a career in therapy.

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In the world of Osteopathy, pain is possibly the most obvious and prevalent sign of something affecting our patients. This doesn’t mean however that the pain is a good indicator of the severity of damage (if any) to the tissues.

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Here we will explore the phenomenon we call “Pain” and why it might be misleading in some circumstances.

 

What is Pain?

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It can be hard to put a short definitive answer to this question as pain is variable and depends upon the patient and their personal perception. Physiologically speaking, pain is the electrical impulses via sensory nerves that have been stimulated at nociceptors (Pain receptor nerve endings) being processed in the higher centers of the central nervous system (CNS).

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The higher centers of the CNS will process the information and decide if the pain signal requires an action to reduce further damage or create heightened awareness such as a sympathetic response (Fight, flight, fright response).

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This makes the science of pain seem simple. One could even ask, “ if it’s like flicking a switch at the receptor, how could the signal be wrong?”  That is the question that biomedical scientists have been grappling with for nearly a century.

It’s important to understand pain as it can have hugely detrimental impacts on sufferers both in acute and chronic presentations.

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The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (2023) describes how pain has wide-reaching effects such as limiting work abilities, disrupting relationships and social activity, mental health concerns, and rendering daily tasks difficult or impossible.

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Within the animal care world, pain has equally far-reaching consequences. Horses that are ridden, driven, and possibly competed can present with performance issues, time out of competition, and worsening behavioral traits.

Dogs may find regular walking activities difficult and consequently end up lacking in general health. For people working with animals in conservation, pain could reduce or inhibit breeding behaviors. Animals in pain will often exhibit “stereotypic” behaviors which are repetitive movements or actions that seem to have no intended goal.

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These behaviors can become physically damaging. Horses for example might “crib” and “windsuck”. This can damage teeth, lead to colic, or exacerbate ulcers. Dogs may damage furniture or pace leading to nail and paw injuries or repetitive strain.

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Of course, pain in animals can also put owners and handlers (even the public) at risk if the animal’s behavior becomes dangerous.

 

Does Imaging Help?

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Medical and Veterinary science has benefited immensely from the development of various imaging methods such as ultrasound, X-ray, and MRI. There is no doubt that putting as many pieces of the puzzle together as possible is the sensible thing to do when looking to make a diagnosis.

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However, many studies of human pathology and radiology have found that a large proportion of positive radiology findings are asymptomatic (pain-free) and many cases of severe pain have no radiological signs to find.

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Many of us as pet owners will have experienced taking our beloved animal to the vet only for them to say that there are no obvious signs of damage, injury, or degeneration. So why is this?

While invaluable, imaging can only show us one aspect of the process of pain. Yes, there are obviously going to be times that osteoarthritis (cartilage degeneration), an osteophyte (bone spurs), or a disc prolapse are visible and match up perfectly with the presenting pain and disability.

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The problem with relying too heavily on imaging when assessing pain is that there are other subtle influences on pain severity and location.

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Referred Pain.

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I often say to my patients, “If you are standing on a cat’s tail, the cat will make a lot of noise, but it’s not where the noise is coming out that the problem lies”.

Ok, this might sound a bit crude and I certainly don’t go around standing on a cat’s tail, but think about the metaphor here. Some dogs such as German Shepard are more prone to hip and lower back dysfunction as they age.

This is often due to the morphology we have bred into them which makes them stand their hind limbs far out behind, extending the hips and leaving the tensegrity of the spine and hind kinetic chain to support gravitational forces.

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In Osteopathy we are well aware of how damage, inflammation, and compromised tissues in one location can create symptoms in other locations.  If there were to develop a compression at the nerve root due to excessive spinal extension or distortion to the nerve passing the hypertonic psoas muscle then the distal (further from central) reaches of the nerve could display symptoms.

In this case, the area where pain, numbness, or changes in sensation occur wouldn’t actually be where the focus of intervention should be. 

There are various ways in which the course of a nerve can be perverted, join our courses to find out how.

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Central Sensitization. 

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When pain does occur as a result of trauma, illness, or another input, the body will react by trying to reduce the effects of the damage and trying to avoid the same thing happening again.

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We have reflex actions to quickly get ourselves out of danger that require no conscious control. We develop psychological aversions to situations that caused pain before, this is part of the holistic model of Osteopathy that considers psychological and physical interrelated and inseparable.

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Unfortunately, chronic pain or repeated exposure to the stimulus can cause the body to essentially “tune-up” the pain volume dial in our higher centers. This means that it takes less of the stimulus to evoke the pain felt.

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This can also mean that sensations that would not normally feel painful become extremely uncomfortable or painful. We call this Hyperalgesia. Imagine a horse who has a vast history of hoof problems and poor care.

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This horse may get rescued and begin to receive the right hoof care and trimming but the ground had already been laid for the chronic repeated pain stimulus to “tune-up” sensitivity.

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This could make riding on roads difficult, lead to unwanted behaviors, or cause lameness after visits from the farrier.

 

I tend to describe it to owners with another metaphor. If the nerve is like a path through the forests, a path that gets walked along a lot will be easier to walk down, and a path that is not used so much will become overgrown. A nerve pathway that is stimulated over and over can lead to changes in the processing sensitivity.

Join our courses to find out how Osteopathy can help pathways downregulate again and function better. 

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Conclusion

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Something we must remember is that the feeling of pain is created within our central nervous system as a way to instruct our conscious mind to take action or avoid action.

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It is a signal, not an actual manifestation of the damage (if any) itself. Pain is often not felt in the location of damage, pain is often “up-regulated” beyond what is reasonable for the condition presenting and pain is influenced by other factors such a mental state or vital reserve.

 

Our work as therapists, Osteopaths or coaches is to educate owners about pain in a way that makes sense to them. By the way, please feel free to use my metaphors. By understanding the science of pain and how to affect it, we take control over what can often feel overwhelming.

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Owners often feel completely helpless when caring for an animal who is experiencing pain, especially when that pain seems to not match any damage or conditions. If owners understand that the pain itself is not equal to damage and that there are ways to improve outcomes then it can really help support their care and potentially even save animals from unnecessary euthanasia.

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Bibliography: 

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Harte, S.E., Harris, R.E. and Clauw, D.J. (2018) ‘The neurobiology of central sensitization’, Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 23(2). doi:10.1111/jabr.12137.

Pain (no date) National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Available at: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/pain#:~:text=What%20is%20pain%3F,%2C%20almost%20unnoticeable%2C%20or%20explosive. (Accessed: 31 October 2023).

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Soo, M. and Worth, A. (2014) ‘Canine hip dysplasia: Phenotypic scoring and the role of estimated breeding value analysis’, New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 63(2), pp. 69–78. doi:10.1080/00480169.2014.949893.

What is pain? (no date) What is pain? | British Pain Society. Available at: https://www.britishpainsociety.org/about/what-is-pain/ (Accessed: 01 November 2023).

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By Siun Griffin, Veterinary Physiotherapist and LCAO Community Manager 

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Dogs are beloved members of our families, but their dietary needs differ significantly from ours. Some foods that are safe for humans can be highly toxic to canines due to their unique metabolism. It’s essential to be aware of these potential dangers to keep your canine companion safe. In this article, we’ll explore 10 foods that are poisonous to dogs, explain why they are toxic, and provide information on the signs of toxicity and whether veterinary attention is required.

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1. Chocolate

Toxic Ingredient: Theobromine and caffeine

Why It’s Toxic: Chocolate contains theobromine (a type of methylxanthine) and caffeine, both stimulants that can affect a dog’s heart and nervous system. The amount of theobromine varies depending on the type of chocolate with milk and white chocolate containing the least amount and unsweetened baker’s chocolate the most.

Signs of Toxicity: Vomiting, diarrhea, rapid breathing, increased heart rate, seizures, restlessness, and, in severe cases, death. It can take several hours for symptoms to present.

Veterinary Attention: Always seek immediate veterinary care if your dog consumes chocolate.

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2. Grapes and Raisins

Toxic Ingredient: Unknown

Why They’re Toxic: The exact cause of grape and raisin toxicity in dogs remains unclear, but ingestion can lead to kidney failure starting at around 24 to 72 hours post ingestion which is fatal. Even one grape or raisin can be fatal.

Signs of Toxicity: Vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, loss of appetite, shivering, and abdominal pain. These can present from around 6 to 12 hours after ingestion.

Veterinary Attention: Consult a veterinarian if your dog consumes grapes or raisins immediately.

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3. Onions and Garlic (including Chives & Leeks)

Toxic Ingredient: Thiosulfate

Why They’re Toxic: Onions and garlic contain thiosulfate, which can damage a dog’s red blood cells, leading to anemia. They can also cause kidney damage and elevated respiratory rate. This includes any form of these plants, such as dried, cooked, fresh, and powdered.

Signs of Toxicity: Weakness, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, drooling, and pale gums.

Veterinary Attention: Seek veterinary care if your dog ingests onions or garlic as it is potentially fatal.

 

4. Xylitol

Toxic Ingredient: Xylitol

Why It’s Toxic: Xylitol is a sugar substitute commonly found in sugar-free gum, candies, and some peanut butter brands. It can cause a rapid release of insulin, leading to hypoglycemia and liver failure in dogs. It is very dangerous to dogs and it can be found in some non-food products that your dog could access, such as toothpaste.

Signs of Toxicity: Vomiting, loss of coordination, seizures, and collapse.

Veterinary Attention: Contact a veterinarian immediately if your dog ingests xylitol. Symptoms can appear from 30 minutes up to 12 hours. Immediate vet attention is necessary which can have a good prognosis if administered early.

 

5. Alcohol

Toxic Ingredient: Ethanol

Why It’s Toxic: Alcohol can cause alcohol poisoning in dogs, leading to depression of the central nervous system and potential organ damage.

Signs of Toxicity: Vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, tremors, and coma.

Veterinary Attention: Seek emergency veterinary care if your dog consumes alcohol.

 

6. Macadamia Nuts

Toxic Ingredient: Unknown

Why They’re Toxic: The exact cause of macadamia nut toxicity in dogs is unclear, but ingestion can lead to weakness, tremors, and hyperthermia.

Signs of Toxicity: Weakness, vomiting, muscle tremors, and elevated body temperature. Signs can start from 3 hours after ingestion or longer.

Veterinary Attention: Contact a veterinarian if your dog eats macadamia nuts.

 

7. Avocado

Toxic Ingredient: Persin (found in the pit, skin, and leaves)

Why It’s Toxic: Persin in avocados can cause gastrointestinal upset, heart congestion, and fluid accumulation around the heart.

Signs of Toxicity: Vomiting, diarrhea, and difficulty breathing.

Veterinary Attention: Consult a veterinarian if your dog consumes avocado.

 

8. Caffeine

Toxic Ingredient: Caffeine

Why It’s Toxic: Like theobromine, caffeine is a stimulant that can affect a dog’s heart and nervous system.

Signs of Toxicity: Restlessness, rapid breathing, increased heart rate, seizures, and death in severe cases.

Veterinary Attention: Seek immediate veterinary care if your dog ingests caffeine.

 

9. Mushrooms

Toxic Ingredient: Various harmful compounds

Why They’re Toxic: While not all mushrooms are toxic to dogs, some wild mushrooms can contain harmful compounds that affect the liver, kidneys, and nervous system. Toxicity levels vary by species.

Signs of Toxicity: Symptoms can range from mild gastrointestinal upset to severe liver or kidney failure, depending on the mushroom species

Veterinary Attention: If you suspect your dog has consumed wild mushrooms, consult a veterinarian immediately. Do not attempt to identify mushroom species yourself, as some toxic varieties closely resemble safe ones.

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10. Cooked Bones

Toxic Ingredient: Splintering bones and bone fragments

Why They’re Toxic: Cooked bones, especially poultry bones, can splinter and cause choking, intestinal blockage, or perforation.

Signs of Toxicity: Choking, difficulty breathing, abdominal pain, and vomiting.

Veterinary Attention: Contact a veterinarian if your dog ingests a bone and experiences any symptoms

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Final Thoughts

Being aware of these toxic foods and their potential effects on your dog is essential for responsible pet ownership. If you suspect your dog has ingested any of these poisonous foods, contact your veterinarian or an emergency animal clinic immediately. Prompt action can save your dog’s life and prevent serious health complications. Always prioritize your dog’s safety by keeping harmful foods out of their reach.

 

Enhancing Veterinary Care with Animal Osteopathy: A Holistic Approach

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 By Siun Griffin, Equine Physiotherapist and LCAO Community Manager

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Animal osteopathy is an emerging field within veterinary medicine that focuses on promoting wellness and treating various health issues in animals through manual manipulation of the musculoskeletal system.

This holistic approach considers the interconnectedness of an animal’s body, aiming to restore balance and alleviate pain without solely relying on medication or surgery.

As veterinarians seek alternative and complementary methods to enhance their practice, animal osteopathy offers a valuable tool that can lead to improved patient outcomes and overall well-being.

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Understanding Animal Osteopathy

 

Osteopathy, in the context of veterinary medicine, involves the manipulation of bones, muscles, and other tissues to optimize an animal’s health.

Practitioners of animal osteopathy, known as animal osteopaths or osteopathic veterinarians, use their hands to assess and treat musculoskeletal issues that may be causing pain, discomfort, or limited mobility in animals.

This approach is grounded in the principle that the body possesses a natural ability to heal itself when its various systems are in balance.

Animal osteopaths believe that by addressing structural imbalances and promoting proper alignment, the body’s self-healing mechanisms can function more efficiently, aiding in recovery from injuries, chronic conditions, and other health challenges.

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Benefits of Animal Osteopathy for Veterinarians

 

1. Complementary Treatment Options

Incorporating animal osteopathy into a veterinary practice provides an additional avenue for treatment alongside traditional veterinary methods. This can be particularly beneficial for cases where medication or surgery may not be the most suitable option or as a complementary approach to enhance existing treatments.

2. Holistic Assessment

Animal osteopathy focuses on the entire body rather than isolated symptoms, allowing veterinarians to take a more comprehensive approach to diagnosing and treating conditions. By considering the interconnectedness of various systems, veterinarians can gain deeper insights into the root causes of certain health issues.

3. Non-Invasive Approach

Osteopathy primarily employs manual techniques that are gentle and non-invasive, making it an attractive choice for animals that may be sensitive to pharmaceuticals or surgeries. This can also be advantageous in cases where surgical risks are high due to age or preexisting conditions.

4. Pain Management

Animal osteopathy can be highly effective in managing pain associated with musculoskeletal problems. By improving alignment and reducing tension in muscles and tissues, animals often experience relief from chronic pain or discomfort.

5. Preventive Care

Incorporating osteopathic assessments into routine veterinary visits can help identify minor imbalances before they develop into more serious issues. This proactive approach can lead to early intervention and improved long-term health.

 

Incorporating Animal Osteopathy into Veterinary Practice

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Veterinarians looking to incorporate animal osteopathy into their practice should follow these steps:

1. Education and Training

Veterinarians interested in practicing animal osteopathy should seek specialized training from reputable institutions. These programs typically cover anatomy, physiology, osteopathic techniques, and ethical considerations specific to animal care.

2. Certification and Licensing

Depending on the region, veterinarians may need to obtain specific certifications or licenses to practice animal osteopathy legally. Compliance with local regulations is essential.

3. Collaboration

A collaborative approach between traditional veterinary methods and osteopathy can yield optimal results. Veterinarians should communicate effectively with their clients and, if needed, refer patients to other specialists when necessary.

4. Comprehensive Assessments

Incorporate osteopathic assessments into routine veterinary examinations. Consider an animal’s posture, gait, and any signs of discomfort or restricted movement.

5. Treatment Plans

Develop individualized treatment plans that integrate osteopathic techniques as appropriate. Regular evaluations can help monitor progress and adjust the treatment strategy accordingly.

 

Final Thoughts

Animal osteopathy offers veterinarians a holistic approach to diagnosis, treatment, and overall wellness for their patients.

By considering the body’s interconnected systems and promoting natural healing mechanisms, veterinary professionals can enhance their ability to provide comprehensive care.

As this field continues to gain recognition, animal osteopathy is poised to contribute significantly to the advancement of veterinary medicine, offering a complementary approach that focuses on the well-being of animals in a profound and holistic manner.

For more information about LCAO’s PG Diploma in Animal Osteopathy for veterinarians please visit here or don’t hesitate to get in touch via email at info@aosteocollege.com

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